REFERENCES

Altabet, M.A., 1988. Variations in nitrogen isotopic composition between sinking and suspended particles: implications for nitrogen cycling and particle transformation in the open ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 35:535-554.

Altabet, M.A., and Francois, R., 1994. Sedimentary nitrogen isotopic ratio as a record for surface ocean nitrate utilization. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8:103-116.

Bidigare, R.R., Fluegge, A., Freeman, K.H., Hanson, K.L., Hayes, J.M., Hollander, D., Jasper, J.P., King, L.L., Laws, E.A., Milder, J., Millero, F.J., Pancost, R., Popp, B.N., Steinberg, P.A., and Wakeham, S.G., 1997. Consistent fractionation of ¹³C in nature and in the laboratory: Growth-rate effects in some haptophyte algae. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 11:279-292.

Bishop, J.K.B., 1988. The barite-opal organic carbon association in oceanic particulate matter. Nature, 332:341-343.

Boyle, E., and Lea, D., 1989. Barium content of benthic foraminifera controlled by bottom-water compositions. Nature, 338:751-753.

Calvert, S.E., 1983. Geochemistry of Pleistocene sapropels and associated sediments from the Eastern Mediterranean. Oceanol. Acta, 6:255-267.

Calvert, S.E., Nielsen, B., and Fontugne, M.R., 1992. Evidence from nitrogen isotope ratios for enhanced productivity during the formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Nature, 359:223-225.

Comas, M.C., Zahn, R., Klaus, A., et al., 1996. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 161: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Deroo, G., Herbin, J.P., and Roucaché, J., 1978. Organic geochemistry of some Neogene cores from Sites 374, 375, 377, and 378: Leg 42A, eastern Mediterranean Sea. In Hsü, K.J., Montadert, L., et al., 1978. Init. Repts. DSDP, 42 (Pt. 1). Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 465-472.

Emeis, K.-C., Camerlenghi, A., McKenzie, J.A., Rio, D., and Sprovieri, R., 1991. The occurrence and significance of Pleistocene and Upper Pliocene sapropels in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Mar. Geol., 100:155-182.

Emeis, K.-C., and Leg 160 Shipboard Scientific Party, 1996. Paleoceanography and sapropel introduction. In Emeis, K.-C., Robertson, A.H.F., Richter, C., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 160: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 21-28.

Fontugne, M.R., and Calvert, S.E., 1992. Late Pleistocene variability of the carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in the eastern Mediterranean: monitor of changes in carbon sources and atmospheric CO₂ levels. Paleoceanography, 7:1-20.

Francois, R., Altabet, M.A., and Burckle, L.H., 1992. Glacial to interglacial changes in surface nitrate utilization in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean as recorded by sediment ¹⁵N. Paleoceanography, 7:589-606.

McArthur, J.M., Tyson, R.V., Thomson, J., and Mattey, D., 1992. Early diagenesis of marine organic matter: alteration of the carbon isotopic composition. Mar. Geol., 105:51-61.

Pedersen, T.F., and Calvert, S.E., 1990. Anoxia vs. productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks? AAPG Bull., 74:454-466.

Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, W., Olive, P., and Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., 1982. After the deluge: Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation. Nature, 295:105-110.

Sachs, J., 1996. Nitrogen isotopes in chlorophyll and the origin of the eastern Mediterranean sapropels [Ph.D. dissert.]. Mass. Inst. Tech. and Woods Hole Ocean. Inst.

Saino, T., and Hattori, A., 1987. Geographical variation of the water column distribution of suspended particulate organic nitrogen and its ¹⁵N natural abundance in the Pacific and its marginal seas. Deep-Sea Res., 34:807-827.

Schrader, H., and Matherne, A., 1981. Sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: evidence from preserved opal assemblages. Micropaleontology, 27:191-203.

Shipboard Scientific Party, 1996a. Site 969. In Emeis, K.-C., Robertson, A.H.F., Richter, C., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 160: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 335-375.

————, 1996b. Site 974. In Comas, M.C., Zahn, R., Klaus, A., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 161: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 55-111.

Sigl, W., Chamley, H., Fabricius, F., Giroud d'Argoud, G., and Mueller, J., 1978. Sedimentology and environmental conditions of sapropels. In Hsü, K.J., Montadert, L., et a., Init. Repts. DSDP, 42: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 445-465.

Thunell, R., Williams, D., Tappa, E., Rio, D., and Raffi, I., 1990. Pliocene-Pleistocene stable isotope record for Ocean Drilling Program Site 653, Tyrrhenian Basin: implications for paleoenvironmental history of the Mediterranean Sea. In Kastens, K.A., Mascle, J., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 107: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 387-399.

Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., Devaux, M., and Znaidi, J., 1986. Stable isotope "anomalies" in Mediterranean Pleistocene records. Mar. Micropaleontol., 10:35-69.