18O
record. In Berger, A., Imbrie, J., Hays, J., Kukla, G.,
and Saltzman, B. (Eds.), Milankovitch and Climate (Pt.
1), NATO ASI Ser. C, Math Phys. Sci., 126:269-305. Andruleit, H., 1996. A filtration technique for quantitative studies of coccoliths. Micropaleontology, 42:403-406.
Backman, J., and Pestiaux, P., 1987. Pliocene Discoaster abundance variations, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 606: biochronology and paleoenvironmental implications. In Ruddiman, W.F., Kidd, R.B., Thomas, E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 94 (Pt. 2): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 903-910.
Backman, J., Pestiaux, P., Zimmerman, H., and Hermelin, J.O.R., 1986. Palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic development in the Pliocene North Atlantic: Discoaster accumulation and coarse fraction data. In Summerhayes, C.P., and Shackleton, N.J. (Eds.), North Atlantic Palaeoceanography. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 21:231-241.
Baumann, K.-H., 1995. Morphometry of Quaternary Coccolithus pelagicus coccoliths from northern North Atlantic and its paleoceanographical significance. In Flores, J.-A., and Sierro, F.J. (Eds.), 5th INA Conf. Proc., Universidad de Salamanca: 219-235.
Baumann, K.-H., and Matthiessen, J., 1992. Variations in surface water mass conditions in the Norwegian Sea: evidence from Holocene coccolith and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Mar. Micropaleontol., 20:129-146.
Baumann, K.-H., and Meggers, H., 1996. Palaeoceanographic changes in the Labrador Sea during the past 3.0 My: evidence from calcareous plankton records. In Moguilevsky, A., and Whatley, R. (Eds.), Microfossils and Oceanic Environments: Univ. of Wales (Aberystwyth Press), 131-153.
Baumann, K.-H., Meggers, H., and Henrich, R., 1996. Variations in surface water mass conditions in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea: evidence from Pliocene/Pleistocene calcareous plankton records (Sites 644, 907, 909). In Thiede, J., Myhre, A.M., Firth, J.V., Johnson, G.L., and Ruddiman, W.F. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 151: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 493-514.
Berger, A. 1978. A simple algorithm to compute long term variations of daily or monthly insolation. Contrib. Inst. d'Astronomie et de Géophysique, Univ. de Louvain, Louvain-la Neuve, 18.
Berger, W.H., and Jansen, E., 1994. Mid-Pleistocene climate shift: the Nansen connection. In Johannessen, O.M., Muensch, R.D., and Overland, J.E. (Eds.), The Role of the Polar Oceans in Shaping the Global Environment. Geophys. Monogr., Am. Geophys. Union, 85:295-311.
Bond, G.C., and Lotti, R., 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last glaciation. Science, 276:1005-1010.
CLIMAP Project Members, 1981. Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. Geol. Soc. Am., Map and Chart Ser., MC36.
Duplessy, J.-C., and Labeyrie, L., 1994. Surface and deep water circulation changes during the last climatic cycle. In Duplessy, J.-C., and Spyridakis, M.-T. (Eds.), Long-Term Climatic Variations, NATO ASI Ser., 22:277-298.
Fronval, T., and Jansen, E., 1996. Late Neogene paleoclimates and paleoceanography in the Iceland-Norweigian Sea: evidence from the Iceland and Vøring Plateaus. In Thiede, J., Myhre, A.M., Firth, J.V., Johnson, G.L., and Ruddiman, W.F. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 151: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 455-468.
Hebbeln, D., Dokken, T., Andersen, E.S., Hald, M., and Elverhøi, A., 1994. Moisture supply for northern ice-sheet growth during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 370:357-360.
Henrich, R., 1989. Glacial/interglacial cycles in the Norwegian Sea: sedimentology, paleoceanography, and evolution of late Pliocene to Quarternary Northern Hemisphere climate. In Eldholm, O., Thiede, J., Taylor, E., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 104: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 189-232.
Henrich, R., and Baumann, K.H., 1994. Evolution of the Norwegian Current and the Scandinavian Ice Sheets during the past 2.6 m.y.: evidence from ODP Leg 104 biogenic carbonate and terrigenous records. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 108:75-94.
Henrich, R., Wolf, T., Bohrmann, G., and Thiede, J., 1989. Cenozoic paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes in the Northern Hemisphere revealed by variability of coarse-fraction composition in sediments from the Vøring Plateau-ODP Leg 104 drill sites. In Eldholm, O., Thiede, J., Taylor, E., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 104: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 75-188.
Hevrøy, K., Lavik, G., and Jansen, E., 1996. Quaternary paleoceanography and paleoclimatology of the Fram Strait/Yermak Plateau region: evidence from Site 909 and 912. In Thiede, J., Myhre, A.M., Firth, J.V., Johnson, G.L., and Ruddiman, W.F. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 151: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 469-482.
Imbrie, J., Berger, A., Boyle, E., Clemens, S., Duffy, A., Howard, W., Kukla, G., Kutzbach, J., Martinson, D., McIntyre, A., Mix, A., Molfino, B., Morley, J., Peterson, L., Pisias, N., Prell, W., Raymo, M., Shackleton, N., and Toggweiler, J., 1993. On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles, 2. The 100,000-year cycle. Paleoceanography, 8:699-735.
Imbrie, J.,
Hays, J.D., Martinson, D.G., McIntyre, A., Mix, A.C., Morley,
J.J., Pisias, N.G., Prell, W.L., and Shackleton, N.J., 1984. The
orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised
chronology of the marine 18O
record. In Berger, A., Imbrie, J., Hays, J., Kukla, G.,
and Saltzman, B. (Eds.), Milankovitch and Climate (Pt.
1), NATO ASI Ser. C, Math Phys. Sci., 126:269-305.
Jansen, E., Bleil, U., Henrich, R., Kringstad, L., and Slettemark, B., 1988. Paleoenvironmental changes in the Norwegian Sea and Northeast Atlantic during the last 2.8 m.y.: Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program Sites 610, 642, 643, and 644. Paleoceanography, 3:563-581.
Jansen, E., Raymo, M.E., Blum, P., et al., 1996. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 162: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).
Jansen, E., and Sjøholm, J., 1991. Reconstruction of glaciation over the past 6 Myr from ice-borne deposits in the Norwegian Sea. Nature, 349:600-603.
Jansen, E., Sjøholm, J., Bleil, U., and Erichsen, J.A., 1990. Neogene and Pleistocene glaciations in the northern hemisphere and late Miocene-Pliocene global ice volume fluctuations: evidence from the Norwegian Sea. In Bleil, U., and Thiede, J. (Eds.), Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic: Dordrecht (Kluwer), 677-705.
Jansen, E., Slettemark, B., Bleil, U., Henrich, R., Kringstad, L., and Rolfsen, S., 1989. Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of the last 2.8 Ma: paleoclimatic comparisons between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic. In Eldholm, O., Thiede, J., Taylor, E., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 104: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 255-269.
Keigwin, L., 1982. Isotopic paleoceanography of the Caribbean and East Pacific: role of Panama Uplift in late Neogene time. Science, 217:350-353.
Keigwin, L.D., 1987. Pliocene stable-isotope record of Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 606: sequential events of 18O enrichment beginning at 3.1 Ma. In Ruddiman, W.F., Kidd, R.B., Thomas, E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 94 (Pt. 2): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 911-920.
Keller, G., Zenker, C.E., and Stone, S.M., 1989. Late Neogene history of the Pacific-Caribbean gateway. J. South Am. Earth Sci., 2:73-108.
Kellogg, T.B., 1975. Late Quaternary climatic changes in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. In Bowling, S.A., and Weller, G. (Eds.), Climate of the Arctic: Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, 3-36.
Kellogg, T.B., 1976. Paleoclimatology and paleoceanography of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas: the last 450,000 years. Mar. Micropaleontol., 2:235-249.
Koç Karpuz, N., and Jansen, E., 1992. A high-resolution diatom record of the last deglaciation from the SE Norwegian Sea: documentation of rapid climatic changes. Paleoceanography, 7:499-520.
Koç, N., Jansen, E., Hald, M., and Labeyrie, L., 1996. Late glacial-Holocene sea surface temperatures and gradients between the North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea: implications for the Nordic heat pump. In Andrews, J.T., Austin, W.E.N., Bergsten, H., and Jennings, A.E. (Eds.), Late Quaternary Paleoceanography of the North Atlantic Margins. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 111:177-185.
Larsen, H.C., Saunders, A.D., Clift, P.D., Beget, J., Wei, W., Spezzaferri, S., and the ODP Leg 152 Scientific Party, 1994. Seven million years of glaciation in Greenland. Science, 264:952-955.
Lehman, S.J., and Keigwin, L.D., 1992. Sudden changes in North Atlantic circulation during the last deglaciation. Nature, 356:757-762.
Loubere, P., and Moss, K., 1986. Late Pliocene climatic change and the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation as recorded in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 97:818-828.
McManus, J.F., Bond, G.C., Broecker, W.S., Johnsen, S., Labeyrie, L., and Higgins, S., 1994. High-resolution climate records from the North Atlantic during the last interglacial. Nature, 371:326-329.
Meggers, H., 1996. Pliozän-quartäre Karbonatsedimentation und Paläozeanographie des Nord-atlantiks und des Europäischen Nordmeeres-Hinweise aus planktischen Foraminiferengemein-schaften. Berich. FB Geowiss., Univ. Bremen, 71:1-143.
Meggers, H., and Baumann, K.-H., 1997. Late Pliocene/Pleistocene calcareous plankton and palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic. In Hass, C., and Kaminski, M.A. (Eds.), Contributions to the Micropaleontology and Paleoceanography of the northern North Atlantic. Grzybowski Found. Spec. Publ., 5:39-50.
Oppo, D.W., and Lehman, S.J., 1995. Suborbital timescale variability of North Atlantic deep water during the past 200,000 years. Paleoceanography, 10:901-910.
Paillard, D., Labeyrie, L., and. Yiou, P., 1996. Macintosh program performs time-series analysis. Eos, 77:379.
Raymo, M.E., 1992. Global climate change: a three million year perspective. In Kukla, G.J., and Went, E. (Eds.), Start of a Glacial. NATO ASI Ser. I: Berlin (Springer-Verlag), 3:207-223.
Raymo, M.E., 1994. The initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 22:353-383.
Raymo, M.E., Hodell, D., and Jansen, E., 1992. Response of deep ocean circulation to initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (3-2 Ma). Paleoceanography, 7:645-672.
Raymo, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., Backman, J., Clement, B.M., and Martinson, D.G., 1989. Late Pliocene variation in Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic deep water circulation. Paleoceanography, 4:413-446.
Raymo, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., and Clement, B.M., 1987. Pliocene-Pleistocene paleoceanography of the North Atlantic at DSDP Site 609. In Ruddiman, W.F., Kidd, R.B., Thomas, E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 94 (Pt. 2): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 895-901.
Raymo,
M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., Shackleton, N.J., and Oppo, D.W., 1990.
Evolution of Atlantic-Pacific 13C
gradients over the last 2.5 m.y. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.,
97:353-368.
Ruddiman, W.F., and Kutzbach, J.E., 1991. Plateau uplift and climatic change. Sci. Am., 264:3, 66-75.
Ruddiman, W.F., and Raymo, M.E., 1988. Northern hemisphere climatic regimes during the past 3 Ma: possible tectonic connections. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B, 318:411-430.
Ruddiman, W.F., Raymo, M.E., Martinson, D.G., Clement, B.M., and Backman, J., 1989. Pleistocene evolution: Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean. Paleoceanography, 4:353-412.
Ruddiman, W.F., Shackleton, N.J., and McIntyre, A., 1986. North Atlantic sea-surface temperatures for the last 1.1 million years. In Summerhayes, C.P., and Shackleton, N.J. (Eds.), North Atlantic Paleoceanography. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ., 21:155-173.
Samtleben, C., Schäfer, P., Andruleit, H., Baumann, A., Baumann, K.-H., Kohly, A., Matthiessen, J., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., and `Synpal' Working Group, 1995. Plankton in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea: from living communities to sediment assemblages-an actualistic approach. Geol. Rundsch., 84:108-136.
Sarnthein, M., Jansen, E., Weinelt, M., Arnold, M., Duplessy, J.C., Erlenkeuser, H., Flatøy, A., Johannessen, G., Johannessen, T., Jung, S., Koç, N., Labeyrie, L., Maslin, M., Pflaumann, U., and Schulz, H., 1995. Variations in Atlantic surface ocean paleoceanography, 50º-80ºN: a time-slice record of the last 30,000 years. Paleoceanography, 10:1063-1094.
Sejrup, H.P., and Larsen, E., 1990. Eemian-early Weichselian N-S temperature gradients: North Atlantic-NW Europe. In Rutter, N., Matthews, J.V., Jr., and Schweger, C.E., (Eds.), The climate and environment of the last interglacial in the Arctic and Subarctic. Quat. Internat., 10-12:161-166.
Shackleton, N.J., Backman, J., Zimmerman, H., Kent, D.V., Hall, M.A., Roberts, D.G., Schnitker, D., Baldauf, J.G., Desprairies, A., Homrighausen, R., Huddlestun, P., Keene, J.B., Kaltenback, A.J., Krumsiek, K.A.D., Morton, A.C., Murray, J.W., and Westeberg-Smith, J., 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of ice-rafting and history of glaciation in the Northeast Atlantic. Nature, 307:620-623.
Shackleton, N.J., Crowhurst, S., Hagelberg, T., Pisias, N.G., and Schneider, D.A., 1995. A new late Neogene time scale: application to Leg 138 sites. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 73-101.
Shackleton, N.J., and Hall, M.A., 1984. Oxygen and carbon isotope stratigraphy of Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 552A: Plio-Pleistocene glacial history. In Roberts, D.G., Schnitker, D., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 81: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 599-609.
Sikes, E.L., Keigwin, L.D., and Curry, W.B., 1991. Pliocene paleoceanography: circulation and oceanographic changes associated with the 2.4 Ma glacial event. Paleoceanography, 6:245-258.
Veum, T., Jansen, E., Arnold, M., Beyer, I., and Duplessy, J.-C., 1992. Water mass exchange between the North Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea during the past 28,000 years. Nature, 356:783-785.
Wolf, T.C.W., and Thiede, J., 1991. History of terrigenous sedimentation during the past 10 m.y. in the North Atlantic (ODP Legs 104 and 105 and DSDP Leg 81). Mar. Geol., 101:83-102.