REFERENCES

Arthur, M. A., Dean, W. E., and Claypool, G. E., 1985. Anomalous ¹³C enrichment in modern marine organic carbon. Nature, 315:216-218.

Berner, U., and Faber, E., 1996. Empirical carbon/isotope maturity relationships for gases from algal kerogens and terrigenous organic matter, based on dry, open-system pyrolysis. Org. Geochem., 24:947-955.

Berner, R.A., and Raiswell, R., 1983. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: a new theory. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47:855-862.

Blumer, M., Guillard, R.R.L., and Chase, T., 1971. Hydrocarbons of marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol., 8:183-189.

Borowski, W.S., Paull, C.K., and Ussler, W., III, 1996. Marine pore-water sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate. Geology, 24:655-658.

Brassell, S.C., Wardroper, A.M.K., Thomson, I.D., Maxwell, J.R., and Eglinton, G., 1981. Specific acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers of methanogenic bacteria in marine sediments. Nature, 290:693-696.

Claypool, G.E., Presley, B.J., and Kaplan, I.R., 1973. Gas analyses in sediment samples from Legs 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, and 19. In Creager, J.S., Scholl, D.W., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 19: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 879-884.

Cornford, C., 1979. Organic deposition at a continental rise: organic geochemical interpretation and synthesis at DSDP Site 397, Eastern North Atlantic. In von Rad, U., Ryan, W.B.F., et al., Init.Repts. DSDP, 47 (Pt. 1): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 503-510.

Cranwell, P. A., 1973. Chain-length distribution of n-alkanes from lake sediments in relation to post-glacial environmental change. Freshwater Biol., 3:259-265.

Dean, W.E., and Arthur, M.A., 1989. Iron-sulfur-carbon relationships in organic-carbon-rich sequences, I. Cretaceous western interior seaway. Am. J. Sci., 289:708-743.

Degens, E.T., 1969. Biogeochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. In Eglinton, G., and Murphy, M.T.J. (Eds.), Organic Geochemistry: Berlin (Springer-Verlag), 304-329.

Dickens, G.R., Wallace, P., and Paull, C.K., 1996. In-situ methane quantities across a bottom simulating reflector on the Blake Ridge. 1st MASTER Wkshp. Gas Hydrates, Gent, Belgium, 14-15. (Abstract)

Dumke, I., Faber, E., and Poggenburg, J., 1989. Determination of stable carbon and hydrogen isotopes of light hydrocarbons. Anal. Chem., 61:2149-2154.

Eglinton, G., and Hamilton, R.J., 1963. The distribution of alkanes. In Swain, T. (Ed.), Chemical Plant Taxonomy: London (Academic Press), 187-208.

Espitalié, J., Deroo, G., and Marquis, F., 1985. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications, Partie I. Rev. Inst. Fr. Pet., 40/5:563-579.

Faber, E., Berner, U., Hollerbach, A., and Gerling, P., 1997. Isotope geochemistry in surface exploration for hydrocarbons. Geol. Jahrb., 103:103-127.

Faber, E., and Stahl, W., 1983. Analytical procedure and results of an isotope geochemical surface survey in an area of the British North Sea. In Brooks, J. (Ed.), Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration of Europe. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 12:51-63.

Faber, E., Stahl, W.J., Whiticar, M.J., Lietz, J., and Brooks, J.M., 1990. Thermal hydrocarbons in Gulf Coast sediments. GCSSEPM Found. Ninth Ann. Res. Conf. Proc., 297-307.

Fry, B., Scalan, R.S., and Parker, P.L., 1977. Stable carbon isotope evidence for two sources of organic matter in coastal sediments: seagrasses and plankton. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta, 41:1875-1877.

Herbin, J.P., Deroo, G., and Roucaché, J., 1983. Organic geochemistry in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations of Site 534, Leg 76, Blake Bahama Basin, and comparison with Site 391, Leg 44. In Sheridan, R.E., and Gradstein, F.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 481-493.

Holbrook, W.S., Hoskins, H., Wood, W.T., Stephen, R.A., Lizzarralde, D., and the Leg 164 Science Party, 1996. Methane gas-hydrate and free gas on the Blake Ridge from vertical seismic profiling. Science, 273:1840-1843.

Hufnagel, H., and Porth, H., 1989. Organopetrographic studies in the Visayan Basin, Philippines. Geol. Jahrb., 70:349-384.

Kaplan, I.R., 1975. Stable isotopes as a guide to biogeochemical processes. Proc. R. Soc. London B, 189:183-211.

Kvenvolden, K.A., and Barnard, L.A., 1983. Gas hydrates of the Blake Outer Ridge, Site 533, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 76. In Sheridan, R.E., Gradstein, F.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 353-365.

Kvenvolden, K.A., Rullkötter, J., Hostettler, F.D., Rapp, J.B., Littke, R., Disko, U., and Scholz-Böttcher, B., 1995. High-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in a south latitude setting off the coast of Chile, Site 859. In Lewis, S.D., Behrmann, J.H., Musgrave, R.J., and Cande, S.C. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 141: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 287-297.

Lallier-Vergès, E., Bertrand, P., Huc, Y., Bückel, D., and Tremblay, P., 1993. Control of preservation of organic matter by productivity and sulphate reduction in Kimmeridgian shales from Dorset (UK). Mar. Pet. Geol. 10:600-605.

Littke, R., Baker, D.R., Leythaeuser, D., and Rullkötter, J., 1991. Keys to the depositional history of the Posidonia Shale (Toarcian) in the Hils Syncline, northern Germany. In Tyson, R.V., and Pearson, T.H. (Eds.), Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 58:311-333.

Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P., and Rohmer, M., 1984. The microbial origin of fossil fuels. Sci. Am. 251:44-51.

Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., et al., 1996. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 164: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Paull, C.K., Ussler, W., III, and Borowski, W.A., 1994. Sources of biogenic methane to form marine gas-hydrates: in situ production or upward migration? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 715:392-409.

Popp, B.N., Parekh, P., Tilbrook, B., Bidigare, R.R. and Laws, E.A., 1997. Organic carbon ¹³C variations in sedimentary rocks as chemostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental tools. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 132:119-132.

Rullkötter, J., Mukhopadhyay, P.K., Disko, U., Schaefer, R.G., and Welte, D.H., 1986. Facies and diagenesis of organic matter in deep sea sediments from the Blake Outer Ridge and the Blake Bahama Basin, Western North Atlantic. Mitt. Geol.-Palaeontol. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, 60:179-203.

Sheridan, R.E., Gradstein, F.M., et al., 1983. Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office).

Shipboard Scientific Party, 1972. Sites 102-103-104--Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge (northern end). In Hollister, C.D., Ewing, J.I., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 11: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 135-218.

Shipboard Scientific Party, 1996. Explanatory notes. In Paull, C. K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P. J., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 164: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 13-41.

Simoneit, B.R.T., 1986. Organic geochemistry of black shales from the Deep Sea Drilling Project, a summary of the occurrences from the Pleistocene to the Jurassic. Mitt. Geol.-Palaeontol. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, 60:275-309.

Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.-T., Teichmüller, M., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., and Teichmüller, R., 1982. Stach's Textbook of Coal Petrology (3rd ed.): Berlin (Gebrüder Borntraeger).

Stein, R., ten Haven, H.L., Littke, R., Rullkötter, J., and Welte, D.H., 1989. Accumulation of marine and terrigenous organic carbon at upwelling Site 658 and nonupwelling Sites 657 and 659: implications for the reconstruction of paleoenvironments in the eastern subtropical Atlantic through late Cenozoic times. In Ruddiman, W., Sarnthein, M., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 108: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 361-385.

Summerhayes, C.P., and Masran, T.C., 1983. Organic facies of Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 534 in the Blake Bahama Basin, Western North Atlantic. In Sheridan, R.E., and Gradstein, F.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 469-480.

van Andel, T.H., Heath, G.R., and Moore, T.C., Jr., 1975. Cenozoic history and paleoceanography of the central equatorial Pacific Ocean: a regional synthesis of Deep Sea Drilling Project data. Mem.--Geol. Soc. Am., 143.

Vetö, I., and Hetényi, M., 1991. Fate of organic carbon and reduced sulphur in dysoxic-anoxic Oligocene facies of the Central Paratethys (Carpathian Mountains and Hungary). Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. London, 50:449-460.

Vetö, I., Hetényi, M., Demény, A., and Hertelendi, E., 1995. Hydrogen index as reflecting intensity of sulphidic diagenesis in non-bioturbated, shaly sediments. Org. Geochem., 22:299-310.

Whiticar, M.J., and Suess, E., 1990. Characterization of sorbed volatile hydrocarbons from the Peru margin, Leg 112, Sites 679, 680/681, 682, 684, and 686/687. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 527-538.

Zegouagh, Y., Derenne, S., Largeau, C., Bardoux, G., and Mariott, A., 1998. Organic matter sources and early diagenetic alterations in Arctic surface sediments (Lena River delta and Laptev sea, Eastern Siberia), II. Molecular and isotopic studies of hydrocarbons. Org. Geochem., 28:571-583.