REFERENCES

Anderson, T.F. and Arthur, M.A., 1983. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their applications to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems. In Arthur, M.A., Anderson, T.F., Kaplan, I.F., Veizer, J., and Land, L.S. (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. SEPM Short Course, 10.

Bernard, B.B., Brooks, J.M., and Sackett, W.M., 1977. A geochemical model for the characterization of hydrocarbon gas sources in marine sediments. Proc. Offshore Technol. Conf., 2934:435-438.

Borowski, W.S., Paull, C.K., and Ussler, W., III, 1997. Carbon cycling within the upper methanogenic zone of continental rise sediments: an example from the methane-rich sediments overlying the Blake Ridge fas hydrate deposits. Mar. Chem., 57:299-311.

Brooks, J.M., Bernard, L.A., Weisenburg, D.A., Kennicutt, M.C., II, and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1983. Molecular and isotopic compositions of hydrocarbons at Site 533, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 76. In Sheridan, R.E., Gradstein, F.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 377-389.

Burke, R.A., Jr., 1993. Possible influence of hydrogen concentration on microbial methane stable hydrogen isotope composition. Chemosphere, 26:55-56.

Cifuentes, L.A, Sharp, J.H., and Fogel, M.L. 1988. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry in the Delaware estuary. Limnol. Oceanogr., 33:1102-1115.

Claypool, G.E., and Kaplan, I.R., 1974. The origin and distribution of methane in marine sediments. In Kaplan, I.R. (Ed.), Natural Gases in Marine Sediments: New York (Plenum), 99-139.

Claypool, G.E., and Threlkeld, C.N., 1983. Anoxic diagenesis and methane generation in sediments of the Blake Outer Ridge, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 533, Leg 76. In Sheridan, R.E., Gradstein, F.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 391-402.

Coleman, M.L., Shepherd, T.J., Durham, J.J., Rouse, J.E., and Moore, G.R., 1982. Reduction of water with zinc for hydrogen isotope analysis. Anal. Chem., 54:993-995.

Craig, H., 1953. The geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 3:53-92.

de Graaf, W., Wellsbury, P., Parks, R.J., and Cappenberg, T.E., 1996. Comparison of acetate turnover in methanogenic and sulfate-reducing sediments by radiolabeling and stable isotope labeling and by use of specific inhibitors: evidence for isotopic exchange. Appl.Environ. Microbiol., 62:772-777.

Deines, P., 1980. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In Fritz, P., and Fontes, J.C. (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry (Vol. 1): The Terrestrial Environment, A: Amsterdam (Elsevier), 329-406.

Dickens, G.R., Paull, C.K., Wallace, P., and the ODP Leg 164 Scientific Party, 1997. Direct measurement of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir. Nature, 385:427-428.

Duan, Z., Møller, N., Greenberg, J., and Weare, J.H., 1992. The prediction of methane solubility in natural waters to high ionic strengths from 0° to 250° C and from 0 to 1600 bar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56:1451-1460.

Emrich, K., Ehhalt, D., and Vogel, J., 1970. Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 8:363-371.

Fenchel, T., and Blackburn, T.H., 1979. Bacteria and Mineral Cycling: London (Academic Press).

Galimov, E.M., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1983. Concentrations of carbon isotopic compositions of CH4 and CO2 in gas from sediments of the Blake Outer Ridge, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 76. In Sheridan R.E., Gradstein, F.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 403-407.

Gradstein, F.M., and Sheridan, R.E., 1983. Introduction. In Sheridan R.E., Gradstein, F.M., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 76: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 5-18.

Gregory, R.T., and Criss, R.E., 1986. Isotopic exchange in open and closed systems. In Valley, J.W., Taylor, H.P., Jr., and O'Neil, J.R. (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes. Mineral. Soc. Am., Reviews in Mineralogy, 16:91-127.

Hedges, J.I., and Stern, J.H., 1984. Carbon and nitrogen determinations of carbonate-containing solids. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29:657-663.

Holbrook, W.S., Hoskins, H., Wood, W.T., Stephen, R.A., Lizzarralde, D., and the Leg 164 Science Party, 1996. Methane gas-hydrate and free gas on the Blake Ridge from vertical seismic profiling. Science, 273:1840-1843.

Kendall, C., and Coplen, T.B., 1985. Multisample conversion of water to hydrogen by zinc for stable isotope determination. Anal. Chem., 57:1437-1440.

Martens, C.S., and Berner, R.A., 1974. Methane production in the interstitial waters of sulfate-depleted marine sediments. Science, 185:1167-1169.

Merritt, D.A., and Hayes, J.M., 1995. Carbon isotopic analysis of atmospheric methane by isotope-ratio-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J.Geophys Res., 100:1317-1326.

Meyers, P.A., 1994. Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter. Chem. Geol., 144:289-302.

Olsen, K., 1997. Measurement of the 13C (org) and 15N (org) in sediments of the Blake Ridge, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 164 [Senior thesis]. Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

Oremland, R.S., Whiticar, M.J., Strohmaier, F.E., and Kiene, R.P., 1988. Bacterial ethane formation from reduced, ethylated sulfur compounds in anoxic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52:1895-1904.

Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., et al., 1996. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 164: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Paull, C.K., Ussler, W., III, and Borowski, W.A., 1994. Sources of biogenic methane to form marine gas-hydrates: in situ production or upward migration? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 715:392-409.

Popp, B.N., Sansone, F., Francis, F.J., and Rust, T.M., 1995. Determination of concentration and carbon isotopic composition of dissolved methane in sediments and nearshore waters. Anal. Chem., 67:405-411.

Presley, B.J., and Kaplan, I.R., 1968. Changes in dissolved sulfate, calcium and carbonate from interstitial water of near shore sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 32:1037-1049.

Reeburgh, W.S., 1976. Methane consumption in Cariaco Trench waters and sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 28:337-344.

--------, 1980. Anaerobic methane oxidation: rate depth distribution in Skan Bay sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 47:345-352.

Rosenfeld, W.D., and Silverman, S.R., 1959. Carbon isotope fractionation in bacterial production of methane. Science, 130:1658-1659.

Schoell, M., 1980. The hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of methane from natural gases of various origins. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44:649-661.

--------, 1983. Genetic characterization of natural gases. AAPG Bull., 67:2225-2238.

Shipboard Scientific Party, 1972. Sites 102-103-104--Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge (northern end). In Hollister, C.D., Ewing, J.I., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 11: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 135-218.

Sugimoto, A., and Wada, E., 1995. Hydrogen isotopic composition of bacterial methane: CO2/H2 reduction and acetate fermentation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59:1329-1337.

Tissot, B.P., and Welte, D.H., 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence (2nd ed.): Heidelberg (Springer-Verlag).

Ussler, W., III, and Paull, C.K., 1995. Effects of ion exclusion and isotopic fractionation on pore water geochemistry during gas hydrate formation and decomposition. Geo-Mar. Lett., 15:37-44.

Vogel, T.M., Oremland, R.S., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1982. Low-temperature formation of hydrocarbon gases in San Francisco Bay sediment (California). Chem. Geol., 37:289-298.

Wahlen, M., 1993. The global methane cycle. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 21:407-426.

Waseda, A., and Didyk, B.M., 1995. Isotope compositions of gases in sediments from the Chile continental margin. In Lewis, S.D., Behrmann, J.H., Musgrave, R.J., and Candy, S.C., (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 141: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 307-312.

Weiss, R.F., 1974. Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Mar. Chem., 2:203-215.

Wellsbury, P., Goodman, K., Barth, T., Cragg, B.A., Barnes, S.P., and Parkes, R.J., 1997. Deep marine biosphere fueled by increasing organic matter availability during burial and heating. Nature, 388:573-576.

Whiticar, M.J., 1994. Correlation of natural gases with their source. In Magoon, L.B., and Dow, W.G. (Eds.), The Petroleum System--From Source to Trap. AAPG Mem., 60:261-283.

Whiticar, M.J., Faber, E., and Schoell, M., 1986. Biogenic methane formation in marine and freshwater environments: CO2 reduction vs. acetate fermentation--isotope evidence. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 50:693-709.