164 Subject Index
J-R

Jaramillo Subchron

sediments, A:119, 189, 258, 292

water masses, B:358–360

kaolinite

carbon/oxygen ratio, B:205–206

vs. depth, B:207–208, 211

kerogen

gas hydrate occurring zone, B:55–56

sediments, B:48–51

krypton, vs. xenon, B:168

laminations

photograph, A:71–72, 285

See also cross laminations

Lamont-Doherty dipole shear tool, gas hydrates, A:144

landslides

geochronology, B:325–327

See also debris flows; mass transport deposits; slumps

lead, vs. depth, B:161

Leg 164, overview, B:3–10

limestone. See aragonite; biocalcarenite; biocalcirudite; calcirudite

lineation, magnetic susceptibility anisotropy, A:86

liptinite, sediments, B:50–56

liquid limit, vs. plasticity index, B:424

lithification, lithologic units, A:110, 182

lithofacies, organic matter, B:54–55

lithologic units

sedimentation, A:146–147

Site 994, A:105–110

Site 995, A:179–184

Site 996, A:245–249

Site 997, A:281–284

Unit I, A:69, 75–79, 105–108, 179, 245–246, 281–283

Unit II, A:69–73, 78, 109, 179–181, 284

Unit III, A:73–74, 109–110, 181–182, 284

lithology, magnetic properties, B:405–407

lithostratigraphy

Site 991, A:68–75

Site 992, A:75–78

Site 993, A:78–81

Site 994, A:105–114

Site 995, A:179–185

Site 996, A:245–249

Site 997, A:281–286

Log Unit 1, sediments, A:138; B:182

Log Unit 2, sediments, A:138–139; B:183

Log Unit 3, sediments, A:138; B:183

low oxygen event, faunal assemblages, B:360–361

luminescence, vs. adenosine 5'-triphosphate proxy, B:396

magnesium

pore water, A:89, 128, 264, 300–301

vs. depth, A:131, 203, 271, 303; B:155, 305

water-sampling probe, A:196

magnesium/calcium ratio, vs. depth, B:305

magnesium/chloride ratio, vs. depth, A:273

magnetic declination, vs. depth, A:83–84, 118–119, 189–190, 261, 293; B:413–414

magnetic diagenesis, anoxic conditions, B:402–404

magnetic inclination, vs. depth, A:83, 118–119, 189, 191, 261, 263, 293; B:413–414

magnetic intensity, vs. depth, A:83, 118, 189, 261; B:413–414

magnetic polarity, vs. depth, A:191; B:415, 416, 417

magnetic susceptibility

cores, A:190

sediments, A:119–120, 258, 260, 293; B:404–405

Sites 991–992, B:404

vs. depth, A:84, 191–192, 263, 294; B:403, 406

magnetic susceptibility anisotropy, sediments, A:86

magnetic susceptibility, bulk, vs. depth, A:86

magnetic susceptibility, whole-core, sediments, A:83–85

magnetite

coercivity, A:191–192, 261; B:403–404

pseudo single domains, A:118

reduction, A:119–120, 192, 294

rock magnetism, A:120–122

sediments, A:190

magnetostratigraphy

Neogene, A:117–119

Pliocene–Quaternary interval, B:411–418

Quaternary, A:82–83

sediments, A:189–190, 258, 292

major elements

correlation coefficients, B:148

sediments, B:147–149, 154

manganese, vs. depth, B:158

mass accumulation rates

carbonate content, A:221

lithologic units, A:147, 149

lithology, A:313–314

total organic carbon, A:221; B:53

vs. depth, A:149, 221, 313–314; B:54

See also sedimentation rates

mass balance, methane, B:76, 225–226

mass transport deposits

lithologic units, A:79–81

sediments, A:247–249

See also debris flows; landslides; slumps

maturity, organic matter, A:298

Matuyama Chron

water masses, B:359–361

See also Brunhes/Matuyama boundary; Gauss/Matuyama boundary; Matuyama/Brunhes boundary

Matuyama/Brunhes boundary

sediments, A:119, 189, 258, 292

water masses, B:359

Messoyakha gas field, gas hydrate detection, B:169

methane

advecting fluids, A:272

advection, A:266; B:225–226

anaerobic oxidation, B:79–85

concentration, B:92, 94, 122–123

continental margin, B:29–36

detection in pressure core sampler, B:113–126

fault transport, A:261

gas hydrate occurring zone, B:55–56, 273–281

gas hydrates, A:7, 255; B:15–16, 30–35, 40–41, 44–45, 51, 53–56, 247–249

gas venting, B:6

isotopes, B:21–23, 67–77, 101–112

lithologic units, A:112–113

mass balance, B:76

microbial origin, B:73–75

noble gases, B:165–170

nodules, B:307–311

oxidation, A:248–249

oxidation rates, B:80–85, 87–99

precipitation, B:290–291

release experiments, A:193–194

sediments, A:87–88, 125–128, 197, 262–263, 296–297

sources, B:35, 67–77

time–pressure–volume plots, A:265

vs. depth, A:88, 125–126, 199–200, 268–269, 299–300; B:7, 34, 53, 82–83, 89, 230

vs. sulfate, A:131

See also gas hydrates; methanogenesis; sulfate/methane interface; sulfate/methane ratio; upper methanogenic zone

methane, headspace, vs. depth, B:383, 385, 387

methane/carbon dioxide ratio, vs. depth, A:126, 200, 299

methane/ethane + propane ratio

gas hydrates, B:30–35, 40–45

vs. carbon isotopes in methane, B:58

vs. depth, B:55–56

methane/ethane ratio

gas hydrates, A:10; B:9

sediments, A:125–128, 298

time–pressure–volume plots, A:265

vs. carbon isotopes, B:75

vs. depth, A:88, 96, 125–126, 200, 269, 299

vs. gas volume, A:266

methane/sulfate ratio, sulfate depletion, A:90

methane oxidation

biogeochemical cycling, B:388–389

vs. depth, B:383, 385, 387, 389

methane oxidation rate, vs. depth, B:83

methane volume, vs. carbon isotopes, B:108–110

methanogenesis

acetate, B:389

carbon isotopes, B:107–111

high-resolution sampling, B:90

sediments, A:126–128, 298

sulfate reduction, B:80–84

vs. depth, B:383, 385, 387, 389

methylcyclohexane, gas hydrates, B:30–35

micrite, photomicrograph, B:290

microbial gases, gas hydrates, A:9–10

microfaults, lithologic units, A:248–249

Mid-Pleistocene Revolution, faunal assemblages, B:361–362

migration, gas hydrates, B:8–9

Miocene

biostratigraphy, A:81–82, 116–117, 188

kerogen, B:55–56

lithologic units, A:73–75, 78–79, 96, 109–110, 181–182, 284

upwelling, B:338–339

See also Pliocene–Miocene interval

mixing, sulfate models, B:93, 95

molality, vs. pressure, B:114

molybdenum, vs. depth, B:160

montmorillonite

first-derivative curves, B:323

spectral data, B:320–321

mud clasts, photograph, A:254

mussel beds, photograph, A:249–250

n-alkanes, sediments, B:48–51

n-butane

gas hydrates, B:30–35, 40–45

See also isobutane/n-butane ratio

n-heptane

gas hydrates, B:30–35

sediments, A:296

n-hexane, gas hydrates, B:30–35

n-pentane

gas hydrates, B:30–35

See also isopentane

nannofossil datums, pelagic sedimentation, A:117

nannofossils

biostratigraphy, A:114–117, 185–188, 256, 258, 290–291; B:331–341

lithologic units, A:79, 110–111, 245–246, 284–286

lithology, A:184

vs. depth, A:74, 78, 80, 111, 181, 283; B:375

nannofossils, calcareous, biostratigraphy, A:81–82

natural gas, gas hydrates, A:6

needles, scanning electron microscopy, B:291

Neogene

biostratigraphy, B:331–341

diatoms, B:365–376

mass accumulation rates, A:313–314

paleoceanography, B:343–363

See also Holocene; Pleistocene; Pliocene; Quaternary

Neogloboquadrina, vs. depth, B:354

neohexane, gas hydrates, B:30–35

neon, vs. xenon, B:168

neopentane, gas hydrates, B:30–35

neutron porosity logs

porosity, B:186

sediments, A:139–140, 210

See also epithermal neutron porosity logs; thermal neutron porosity logs

nickel

vs. depth, B:158

See also chromium/nickel ratio

niobium, vs. depth, B:160

nitrogen

sediments, A:91, 128, 201, 263–264, 269

See also carbon/nitrogen ratio

nitrogen isotopes

ammonium, B:171–172

organic matter, B:74

vs. depth, B:172

nitrogen, total

sediments, A:87, 125–126, 197, 297–298, 301; B:395

vs. depth, B:396

noble gases

gas hydrates, B:9, 165–170

See also krypton; neon; xenon

nodules

authigenic carbonates, B:287–289, 305–306

diagenesis, A:149

dolomite, B:293

gas hydrates, A:61–62, 253–254, 305

lithologic units, A:181–182, 246, 284

photomicrograph, B:290

sulfur isotopes, B:143–146

See also carbonate concretions; carbonate nodules; dolomite nodules; pyrite nodules; siderite nodules

nontronite, first-derivative curves, B:323

North American continental margin SE, gases, B:29–46

nuclear magnetic resonance. See spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance

Olduvai Subchron, sediments, A:189, 292

ooze, foraminifer

lithologic units, A:107–108, 179, 181–182

photograph, A:181

opal

sediments, B:231–236

vs. depth, B:233

vs. porosity, B:234

Orbulina, vs. depth, B:356

organic matter

isotopes, B:67–77

maturity, A:298

petrography, B:52

sediments, B:48–51

spectral data, B:319–322

transformation, B:55

organic matter, soluble, sediments, B:48–51

overconsolidation, sediments, A:93

oxidation. See methane oxidation; methane oxidation rate

oxidation, anaerobic, methane, B:79–85, 87–99

oxides. See iron oxides

oxidized beds, lithologic units, A:105–106

oxygen

borehole correction factors, B:213

gas hydrates, A:143–144, 215

See also carbon/oxygen ratio; low oxygen event

oxygen index, vs. hydrogen index, B:53

oxygen isotopes

authigenic carbonates, B:289–290, 292–294

carbonates, B:140–146, 306–311

foraminifers, B:173–175

gas hydrates, A:8; B:7

isotope stratigraphy, B:173–175

pore water, B:59–66, 129–137

pore water and authigenic carbonates, B:292

vs. age, B:175

vs. carbon isotopes, B:297, 308

vs. chloride anomalies, B:61, 63

vs. depth, A:62–63, 65, 132, 144, 175, 308, 311; B:299

water in gas hydrates, B:20–21

P-waves. See compressional wave velocity

paleoceanography

nannoflora, B:338–339

Neogene, B:343–363

See also gyre; water masses

paleoclimatology

lithologic units, A:111

planktonic foraminifers, B:344, 350

paleoenvironment, nannoflora, B:338–339

paleomagnetism

Pliocene–Quaternary interval, B:411–418

Site 994, A:117–122

Site 995, A:189–193

Site 996, A:258, 260–261

Site 997, A:292–295

Sites 991–993, A:82–87

See also rock magnetism

paleoproductivity

diatoms, B:366, 376

See also productivity

paleoseawater, chloride, B:133–134

paramagnetism, ferroan dolomite, A:84

pelagic sedimentation, nannofossil datums, A:117

pentanes. See cyclopentane; isopentane; n-pentane; neopentane

petrography

authigenic carbonates, B:287–289

organic matter, B:52

phase equilibria

gas hydrates, B:260–261

See also pressure–temperature conditions; stability zone

phosphate

pore water, A:129, 300–301

vs. depth, A:131, 203, 303; B:157

physical properties

gas hydrates, B:8

sediments, A:7–8; B:421–429

Site 991, A:90–91

Site 992, A:91–92

Site 993, A:92–94

Site 994, A:132–135

Site 995, A:200–204

Site 996, A:266, 269–270

Site 997, A:301, 303–305

See also geotechnical properties

physical properties unit A, sediments, A:305

physical properties unit B, sediments, A:305

physical properties unit C, sediments, A:305

physical properties unit D, sediments, A:305

physical properties unit E, sediments, A:305

physical properties units, sediments, A:91–93, 133, 202–203, 305

phytane

sediments, B:48–51

See also pristane/phytane ratio

placoliths, flora, B:337–338

plagioclase, sediments, A:183

plasticity index, vs. liquid limit, B:424

Pleistocene

biostratigraphy, A:81, 82, 114–115, 187–188, 290

kerogen, B:55–56

lithologic units, A:69–73, 75–79, 94–96, 105–109, 179–181, 245–246, 281–284

See also Mid-Pleistocene Revolution

Pleistocene, upper, sediments, B:313–323

Pliocene

biostratigraphy, A:81, 115–116, 291

kerogen, B:55–56

lithologic units, A:69–73, 75–79, 109–110, 179–182, 284

upwelling, B:338–339

Pliocene–Miocene interval, sediments, B:3–4

Pliocene–Quaternary interval

magnetostratigraphy, B:411–418

sedimentation, B:402–404

sulfate reduction, B:402–404

pockmarks. See seafloor pockmarks

pore water

advection, B:221

ammonium, B:171–172

authigenic carbonates, B:301–312

gas hydrates, A:8; B:59–77, 79–85, 87–99, 247–249

geochemistry, A:87, 92, 128–132, 196, 198–199, 203, 264–266, 270, 297–298, 300–302; B:384, 386–387

geochemistry vs. time, A:205

origin, A:317

sediments, B:4

stable isotopes, B:129–137

storage artifacts, A:132

vs. depth, A:198

porosity

acoustic velocity logs, A:140–141

core porosity, B:185

density logs, A:140; B:185

electrical resistivity logs, A:141

gas hydrates, A:8; B:247–249

neutron porosity logs, B:186

resistivity log calculation, B:186–187

sediments, A:139–141, 210–212; B:231–236, 395, 431–434

velocity logs, B:194

vs. carbon/oxygen ratio, B:201, 203–204

vs. depth, A:134; B:185–187, 195–197, 234, 396, 433

vs. opal, B:234

See also void ratio

porosity, acoustic-velocity, sediments, A:210–211

porosity, density, sediments, A:210–211

porosity, electrical-resistivity, sediments, A:211–212

porosity logs

vs. depth, A:142–143, 212, 214

See also epithermal neutron porosity logs; gamma ray–density–porosity logs; neutron porosity logs; thermal neutron porosity logs

potassium

pore water, A:89, 128, 264, 300

vs. depth, A:131, 203, 271, 303

vs. thorium, A:140, 212

potassium feldspar, sediments, A:183

potassium logs, vs. depth, A:140, 156–157, 211

precipitates

authigenic carbonates, B:287–289

photomicrograph, B:290

precipitation, carbonates, A:266; B:290–291, 293–294

preservation, planktonic foraminifers, B:351

pressure

pressure core sampler, B:441

vs. molality, B:114

vs. temperature, B:27–28, 114

vs. time, A:122–123, 265; B:124–125

vs. volume, B:115, 117–124

See also time–pressure plots

pressure core sampler

deployment, A:122–123, 193–194, 265, 295; B:439–443

methane detection, B:113–126

pressure–temperature conditions, gas hydrates, A:8–9; B:22–26, 114

principal component analysis

adenosine 5'-triphosphate proxy, B:396–398

faunal assemblages, B:353–358

pristane, sediments, B:48–51

pristane/phytane ratio

sediments, B:50

vs. depth, B:50

productivity

bacteria, B:387–388

lithologic units, A:111

See also paleoproductivity

propane

gas hydrate occurring zone, B:55–56

gas hydrates, B:30–35, 40–45, 51, 53–56

lithologic units, A:112–113

sediments, A:197, 263

vs. depth, A:199; B:53

See also methane/ethane + propane ratio

propene, gas hydrates, B:30–35

proxy, bacteria, B:393–398

pseudo single domains

coercivity, A:261

magnetite, A:192

pteropods, lithologic units, A:69, 283

Pulleniatina, vs. depth, B:356

pyrite

carbon/oxygen ratio, B:206–207

diagenesis, B:145–146

lithologic units, A:73–75, 79, 110–111, 285

photomicrograph, A:75

reduction, A:294

rock magnetism, A:121–122

sediments, A:183–184

vs. depth, A:74, 80, 111, 181, 283; B:207–208

X-ray diffraction data, A:112

pyrite nodules, lithologic units, A:283–284

pyrolysis. See Rock-Eval pyrolysis

pyrrhotite, coercivity, A:191, 261

quality factor, compressional wave velocity, B:265–271

quartz

carbon/oxygen ratio, B:206–207

lithologic units, A:75, 78–79, 110–111, 182–183, 284–285

vs. depth, A:74, 78, 80, 111–112, 181–182, 255, 283, 286; B:207–210

X-ray diffraction data, A:112

Quaternary

biostratigraphy, A:256, 258; B:331–341

sedimentation rates, A:82

See also Holocene; Mid-Pleistocene Revolution; Pleistocene

radiotracers, methane, B:79–85

Raman spectroscopy. See spectroscopy

recumbent folds, photograph, A:72

red sediments, lithologic units, A:111

reduction

magnetite, A:294

See also sulfate reduction

reflectance

organic matter, B:51

See also color reflectance

reflection, bottom-simulating, gas hydrates, A:48–49

reflections, velocity, A:206–207

reflectors

gas hydrates, B:8, 30, 34–35, 260, 273–281

spectral modeling, B:268–269

reflectors, bottom-simulating, gas hydrates, B:273–281

remanent magnetization, anhysteretic

acquisition, A:264

sediments, A:85–86, 121–122, 192

remanent magnetization, detrital, sediments, A:118

remanent magnetization, isothermal

acquisition, A:264

sediments, B:404

remanent magnetization, natural, sediments, A:189–190; B:418

remanent magnetization, partial anhysteretic, sediments, B:402–408

remanent magnetization, post-depositional, sediments, A:190

remanent magnetization, saturation isothermal

sediments, A:260–261, 293–294

vs. depth, A:86, 120–122, 190–192, 263, 294

remanent magnetization, saturation isothermal/bulk magnetic susceptibility ratio, vs. depth, A:86, 120, 192, 263, 294

remanent magnetization, sediments, B:404

remanent magnetization, viscous, sediments, A:118, 292

resistivity logs

gas hydrates, A:142–144; B:179–191

porosity, B:186–187

vs. depth, A:139, 142, 210, 213–214, 308–309; B:6, 258

See also gamma ray–resistivity–sonic logs

resources, gas hydrates, A:6

rock magnetism

sediments, A:85–86, 120–122, 190–193, 260–261, 293–295; B:402–405

See also coercivity; goethite; greigite; hematite; hysteresis; magnetite; paleomagnetism; paramagnetism; siderite; sulfides

Rock-Eval pyrolysis, sediments, A:92

rubidium, vs. depth, B:159