TAXONOMIC NOTES

Listed below are all species that occur in more than two samples in the interval examined in Hole 999A. The original reference for the species is given, as are subsequent references germane to the progression toward the currently used species concept. The "stratigraphic range" is the range of the species in Hole 999A. "Remarks" are intended to aid other workers in identifying irregular specimens and distinguishing between similar taxa. Specific samples are listed that include irregular or otherwise noteworthy specimens. See Table 4 for the stratigraphic occurrences of species found in only one or two samples. Taxa are listed in alphabetical order by genus name. Under the genus subheading taxa are listed in alphabetical order by species name.

BEELLA
Beella digitata

Globigerina digitata Brady, 1879, p. 599, pl. 80, figs. 6-10.

Beella digitata (Brady). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 232, pl. 58, figs. 2, 6-8.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-6H-CC, 23-25 cm.

Remarks: B. "praedigitata" in the top two cores of Hole 999A may well be immature B. digitata. That is, they had not yet added the radially elongate chambers that characterize the descendant species.

Beella praedigitata

Globigerina praedigitata Parker, 1967, p. 151, pl. 19, figs. 5-8.

Beella praedigitata (Parker). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 232, pl. 58, figs. 2-5.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-7H-5, 42-44 cm, to 1H-5, 42-44 cm.

CANDEINA
Candeina nitida

Candeina nitida d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 107, pl, 2, figs. 27-28; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 228, pl. 57, figs. 6-8.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-29X-2, 41-43 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The specimens at the FO have definite sutural apertures, but chambers are less embracing than higher samples. In Sample 165-999A-28X-5, 42-44 cm, we found a specimen of Ga. glutinata with a very inflated bulla and the suggestion of sutural apertures. This is a transitional specimen toward C. nitida. The occurrence of C. nitida 'praenitida' specimens in Zone N16 (below the published FAD), which is also observed at Site 1000 (Leg 165; Sigurdsson, Leckie, Acton, et al., 1997), suggests that this is a species that may have evolved in the Caribbean.

CATAPSYDRAX
Catapsydrax dissimilis

Globigerina dissimils Cushman and Bermudez, 1937, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 4-6.

Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermudez). Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 1, 3-8.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of section examined to Sample 165-999A-49X-4, 42-44 cm.

CLAVORATELLA
Clavoratella bermudezi

Hastigerinella bermudezi Bolli, 1957, p. 112, pl. 25, figs. 1a-c.

Clavoratella bermudezi (Bolli). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 218, pl. 54, figs. 2, 6-8.

Stratigraphic range: Found only in Sample 165-999A-39X-5, 41-43 cm.

Remarks: Specimens were close to Gd. hexagona, but with slightly clavate chambers, very low trochospire and more peripheral position of aperture. See Pearson (1995).

DENTOGLOBIGERINA
Dentoglobigerina altispira

Globigerina altispira Cushman and Jarvis, 1936, p. 5, pl. 1, figs. 13a-c.

Globoquadrina altispira globosa Bolli, 1957, p. 111, pl. 24, figs. 9a-10c.

Dentoglobigerina altispira altispira (Cushman and Jarvis). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 188, pl. 46, figs. 4-6.

Dentoglobigerina altispira globosa (Bolli). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 189, pl. 44, fig. 4; pl. 46, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of the section examined to Sample 165-999A-11H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Immature specimens of D. altispira lacking the final whorl of toothed, inflated chambers and resemble primitive Neogloboquadrina dutertrei. These specimens are especially common in Samples 165-999A-29X-4, 42-44 cm; 27X-2, 42-44 cm; and 26X-5, 50-52 cm.

FOHSELLA
Fohsella birnageae

Globorotalia birnageae Blow, 1959, p. 210, pl. 17, figs. 108a-c.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) birnageae Blow. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 94, pl. 21, figs. 6-8.

Fohsella birnageae (Blow). Pearson and Chaisson, 1997, p. 58.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-48X-CC, 36-38 cm, to 47X-2, 40-42 cm.

Fohsella fohsi

Globorotalia fohsi Cushman and Ellisor, 1939, p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 6a-c.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi Cushman and Ellisor. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 100, pl. 23, figs. 1-3.

Fohsella fohsi (Cushman and Ellisor). Pearson and Chaisson, 1997, p. 58.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-33X-CC, 18-20 cm, to 33X-3, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The fohsellids are not well developed at this site. The end members of the lineage, F. fohsi lobata and F. fohsi robusta are missing and rare, respectively. Full development of a peripheral keel on F. fohsi specimens is uncommon. In order for a specimen to be designated F. fohsi the keel must extend around the entire final whorl. Specimens with incomplete keels were designated F. praefohsi. In Sample 165-999A-34X-CC, 33-37 cm, some specimens had faint, discontinuous keels that resemble beaded threads. Specimens lacking a peripheral keel or imperforate band, but having a pinched periphery were designated F. peripherocuta. F. peripheroronda lacked the pinched periphery.

F. praefohsi was erected by Blow and Banner (1966) as a form intermediate between F. fohsi (fully carinate) and F. peripheroacuta (noncarinate). Bolli and Saunders (1985) argued that the Venezuelan holotype used by Blow and Banner (1966) looked more like a transition between F. fohsi and F. fohsi lobata because it had "cockscomb" final chambers. However, Bolli and Saunders (1985) also noted that a paratype from Sumatra did agree with Blow and Banner's (1966) definition. Sections from the western equatorial Pacific (Site 806; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993) and the western equatorial Atlantic (Site 925; Pearson and Chaisson, 1997) yield sequences of F. fohsi specimens that also conform to the Blow and Banner (1966) definition for F. praefohsi. The specimens recovered at Site 999, however, resemble the description of Bolli and Saunders (1985), whose work was largely based on Caribbean sections. Evidently the Caribbean Sea was a suboptimal environment for this lineage and it was not well developed morphologically in this region.

Fohsella peripheroacuta

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) peripheroracuta Blow and Banner, 1966, p. 294, pl. 1, figs. 2a-c.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) peripheroacuta Blow and Banner. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 96, pl. 22, figs. 4-6.

Fohsella peripheroacuta (Blow and Banner). Pearson and Chaisson, 1997, p. 58.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-37X-CC, 25-27 cm, to 33X-6, 42-44 cm.

Fohsella peripheroronda

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) peripheroronda Blow and Banner, 1966, p. 294, pl. 1, figs. 1a-c.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) peripheroronda Blow and Banner. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 96, pl. 22, figs. 1-3.

Fohsella peripheroronda (Blow and Banner). Pearson and Chaisson, 1997, p. 58.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of section examined to Sample 165-999A-37X-2, 60-62 cm.

Fohsella praefohsi

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) praefohsi Blow and Banner, 1966, p. 295, pl. 1, figs. 3-4; pl. 2, figs. 6, 7, 10, 11.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) praeiohsi Blow and Banner. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 98, pl. 22, figs. 7-9.

Fohsella praefohsi (Blow and Banner). Pearson and Chaisson, 1997, p. 58.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-36X-5, 35-37 cm, to 33X-6, 42-44 cm.

GLOBIGERINA
Globigerina bulloides

Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, 1826, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 1-4.

Globigerina (Globigerina) bulloides d'Orbigny. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 36, pl. 6, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-33X-CC, 18-20 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Large, typical specimens are found in Sample 165-999A-4H-5, 42-44 cm. Specimens in many samples tend to grade toward G. falconensis.

Globigerina falconensis

Globigerina falconesis Blow, 1959, p. 177, pl. 9, figs. 40a-c, 41.

Globigerina (Globigerina) falconensis Blow. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 40, pl. 7, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-31X-5, 42-44 cm, to 3H-2, 42-44 cm.

GLOBIGERINATELLA
Globigerinatella insueta

Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and Stainforth, 1945, p.69, pl. 13, figs. 7-9. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 228, pl. 56, fig. 2, pl. 57, figs. 4, 5.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of section examined to Sample 165-999A-39X-2, 41-43 cm.

Remarks: Specimens with multiple apertural bullae, but lacking areal apertures, were more commonly encountered than those with areal apertures. The presence of areal apertures is required for sensu stricto status (Pearson, 1995). See Pearson (1995) and Pearson and Chaisson (1997) for discussion of Gn. insueta vs. Gn. sp.

GLOBIGERINELLA
Globigerinella aequilateralis

Globigerina aequilateralis Brady, 1879, p. 285 (figs. in Brady, 1884) pl. 80, figs. 18-21.

Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 238, p. 59, fig. 1; pl. 60, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-50X-5, 58-60 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Globigerinella (= Hastergina) aequilateralis and Globigeriniella (= Hastigerina) siphonifera (Globigerinella aequilateralis "A" and "B") were not distinguished in this study (cf. Bolli and Saunders, 1985). See Huber et al. (1997) for a discussion of phylogeny of these morphotypes.

GLOBIGERINITA
Globigerinita glutinata

Globigerina glutinata Egger, 1893, p. 371, pl. 13, figs. 19-21.

Globigerinita glutinata (Egger). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 224, pl. 56, figs. 1, 3-5.

Stratigraphic range: Throughout section examined.

GLOBIGERINOIDES
Globigerinoides altiaperturus

Globigerinoides triloba altiapertura Bolli, 1957, p. 113, pl. 25, figs. 7a-c.

Globigerinoides altiapertura Bolli. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 54, pl. 11, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of section examined to Sample 165-999A-44X-CC, 38-40 cm.

Globigerinoides extremus

Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Bolli and Bermudez, 1965, p. 139, pl. 1, figs. 10-12; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 194, fig. 20.11

Globigerinoides extremus Bolli. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 58, p. 12, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-29X-CC, 37-39 cm, to 10H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Globigerinoides extremus is considered a variant of Gs. obliquus by Bolli and Saunders (1985) and their figured holotypes are quite similar in appearance. The transition from the parent species to the descendant is gradual. At Site 999 specimens Globigerinoides spp. with appressed chambers and small, flattened final chambers are found well below the FO of Globorotalia plesiotumida (8.2 Ma).

Globigerinoides conglobatus

Globigerina conglobata Brady, 1879, p. 28b.

Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 58, pl. 12, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-19H-CC, 27-30 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Globigerinoides fistulosus

Globigerina fistulosa Schubert, 1910, p. 323, text fig. 1.

Globigerinoides fistulosus (Schubert). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 68, pl. 14, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-10H-3, 32-34 cm, to 8H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: No well-developed (i.e., with several fistulose chambers) specimens were observed at Site 999 in the course of shipboard or postcruise work for this study. However, Norris (pers. comm., 1998) reports that they are well developed in samples that he has examined in Core 165-999A-10H. At the lower resolution used for this study Gs. fistulosus appears to always be rare and its range appears truncated.

Globigerinoides obliquus

Globigerinoides obliqua Bolli, 1957, p. 113, pl. 25, figs. 10a-c

Globigerinoides obliquus Bolli. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 56, pl. 11, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of section examined to Sample 165-999A-6H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The morphology of this species is quite variable. In Sample 165-999A-29X-7, 42-44 cm, three morphotypes were observed: (1) a sensu stricto form, (2) a form that grades toward Globigerinoides extremus (see above), and (3) specimens with rounded chambers and very small secondary apertures that otherwise closely resemble Globoturborotalita woodi. In Sample 165-999A-28X-2, 42-44 cm, many Type 2 specimens were found and in Sample 165-999A-28X-5, 42-44 cm, many Gs. obliquus specimens have very large, high-arched primary apertures. In summary, the interval of transition from ancestor to descendant species is marked by a usual range of morphological variation at this site.

Globigerinoides ruber

Globigerina rubra d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 82, pl. 4, figs. 12-14.

Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 78, pl. 4, figs. 12-14.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-30X-2, 43-45 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The high-trochospired "pyramidalis" form of Gs. ruber was found in Samples 165-999A-2H-2, 42-44 cm, and 8H-2, 42-44 cm. In Sample 165-999A-10H-3, 32-34 cm, specimens with a very small final chamber were found. These resembled Globigerinoides extremus, except that the primary aperture was over a suture.

Globigerinoides sacculifer

Globigerina sacculifera Brady, 1877, p. 164, pl. 9, figs. 7-10.

Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 66, pl. 14, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Non-saccate specimens were observed throughout the section examined.

Remarks: Saccate specimens were not observed below Sample 165-999A-48X-CC, 36-38 cm. In Sample 165-999A-48X-2, 41-43 cm, saccate specimens appear to be beaded with euhedral calcite. The final chamber is not well developed, but is less inflated and slightly smaller than previous chambers. Phylogenetic relationship with the sphaeroidinellopsids is strongly suggested in several samples at Site 999. In Samples 165-999A-37X-5, 40-42 cm; 25X-CC, 20-23 cm; and 17H-5, 42-44 cm, incomplete cortices (i.e., granular coatings) were observed on saccate Gs. sacculifer tests. See "Discussion" under Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina and Ss. kochi. Before the FO of Praeorbulina sicana many specimens of non-saccate Gs. sacculifer can be found that have an enlarged final chamber. Only specimens lacking the third supplementary aperture were assigned to Gs. sacculifer. See P. sicana "Discussion."

Globigerinoides seigliei

Globigerinoides rubra (d'Orbigny) seigliei Bermudez and Bolli, 1969, p. 164, pl. 8, figs. 10-12.

Globigerinoides seigliei Bermudez and Bolli. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 78, pl. 17, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-28X-5, 42-44 cm, to 24X-CC, 35-37 cm.

Remarks: This species resembles an "over-inflated" Gs. ruber. The test has a finer pored texture and the apertures are higher arched than the latter species.

Globigerinoides subquadratus

Globigerinoides subquadratus Brönnimann, 1954, p. 680, pl. 1, figs. 8a-c. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 74, pl. 16, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of section examined to Sample 165-999A-31X-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: This species has four chambers in the final whorl, while Gs. ruber has only three to three and a half. The two species are never coeval in Hole 999A.

GLOBOCONELLA
Globoconella inflata

Globigerina inflata d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 134, pl. 12, figs. 7-9.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) inflata (d'Orbigny). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 118, pl. 27, figs. 7-9.

Globoconella inflata (d'Orbigny). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 14, pl. 2, figs. 14-17.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-7H-CC, 23-25 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: "Globorotalia" triangula of Weaver and Raymo (1989), an ecophenotype of "Gr." inflata, was not observed at Site 999, and is perhaps confined to the open Atlantic. Rather, specimens at this site are similar to the temperate latitude morphotype, but often with a less well-developed cortex.

Globoconella miozea

Globorotalia miozea (Finlay), 1939, p. 326, p. 29, figs. 159-161.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) miozea (Finlay). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 112, pl. 26, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-39X-2, 41-43 cm, to 31X-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: This is ordinarily a temperate-ocean species, and it is therefore not surprising that specimens at Site 999 often have an irregular morphology. Gc. miozea in Samples 165-999A-34X-2, 41-43 cm, and 31X-CC, 37-40 cm, are not keeled, but have acute peripheries. Smaller specimens in Sample 165-999A-30X-7, 42-44 cm, have a thin, distinct keel and therefore resemble Globoconella conoidea. Many tropical specimens are not strongly conical on the umbilical side and their earlier chambers either lack pustules or are only lightly pustulose.

Globoconella panda

Globorotalia menardii (d'Orbigny) sub sp. panda (Jenkins), 1960, p. 364, pl. 4, figs. 10a-c.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) panda (Jenkins). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 110, pl. 25, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-33X-6, 42-44 cm, to 31X-2, 42-44 cm.

Globoconella praescitula

Globorotalia scitula (Brady) sub sp. praescitula (Blow), 1959, p. 221, pl. 19, figs. 128a-c.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) praescitula (Blow). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 108, pl. 24, fig. 1, pl. 25, 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-46X-2, 42-44 cm, to 31X-CC, 37-40 cm.

Globoconella zealandica

Globorotalia zealandica (Hornibrook), p. 667, figs. 18, 19, 30.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) zealandica (Hornibrook). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 108, pl. 25, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-44X-CC, 38-40 cm, to 40X-2, 41-43 cm.

GLOBOQUADRINA
Globoquadrina baroemoenensis

Globigerina baroemoenensis LeRoy, 1939, p. 263, pl. 6, figs. 1-2.

Globoquadrina baroemoenensis (LeRoy). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 186, pl. 6, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of the section examined to Sample 165-999A-25X-2, 40-42 cm.

Remarks: Gq. baroemoenensis has only four chambers in its final whorl, which distinguishes it from Dentoglobigerina altispira. It is distinguished from Gq. venezeulana by a smaller increase in chamber size between the penultimate and final whorl and by a shallower umbilicus.

Globoquadrina dehiscens

Globorotalia dehiscens Chapman, Parr, and Collins, 1934, p. 569, pl. 11, figs. 36a-c.

Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 184, pl. 44, fig. 2; pl. 45, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-50X-5, 58-60 cm, to 21H-2, 42-44 cm.

Globoquadrina venezuelana

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg, 1937, p. 681, pl. 92, fig. 72b.

Globoquadrina venezuelana (Hedberg). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 180, pl. 44, figs. 5-7.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-50X, 37-39 cm, to 11H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Gasperi and Kennett (1993) document a shift in the depth ecology of Gq. venezuelana during the Miocene, but do not make reference to any accompanying morphological shifts. This species exhibits a broad range in the degree of chamber inflation, but the large increase in the size of the chambers between the penultimate and the final whorl is a consistent characteristic, regardless of chamber shape or inflation. In Sample 165-999A-42X-5, 42-44 cm, two types of Gq. venezuelana were found: (1) with larger, more inflated chambers and (2) with smaller, appressed chambers and a flat spiral side. In Sample 165-999A-30X-1, 42-44 cm, there are many specimens with kummerform final chambers and a low trochospire that creates a shallower umbilicus than usual.

GLOBOROTALIA
Globorotalia lenguaensis

Globorotalia lenguaensis Bolli, 1957, p. 120, pl. 29, figs. 5a-c.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) paralenguaensis Blow, 1969, p. 402, pl. 46, figs. 1-6.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) lenguaensis Bolli. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 152, pl. 29, figs. 5a-c.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) paralenguaensis Blow. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 154, pl. 37, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-34X-5, 39-41 cm, to 28X-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The putative derivation of this species from the fohsellids (Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983) is readily apparent in Sample 165-999A-32X-CC, 37-40 cm, where specimens of Gr. lenguaensis are very similar to coeval Fohsella peripheroacuta. That is, the apertural flap that closes the umbilicus of the descendant species is incompletely developed.

Globorotalia merotumida

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) merotumida Blow and Banner (in Banner and Blow, 1965), p. 1352, text fig. 1; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 154, pl. 37, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia merotumida Blow and Banner. Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 227, fig. 33.7.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-30X-CC, 38-40 cm, to 25X-CC, 20-23 cm.

Remarks: This species may be morphologically (and phylogenetically) intermediate between Globorotalia paralenguensis and Globorotalia plesiotumida. The transition from Gr. paralenguensis involves loss of the apertural flap and the development of a keel. Specimens that otherwise are similar to Gr. paralenguaensis, but had a keel, were found in Sample 165-999A-29X-5, 41-43 cm. The transition to Gr. plesiotumida is achieved by the flattening of the spiral side and the elongation of the radial axis of the final chamber, which contributes to the overall more ovate Gr. plesiotumida test shape. Ovate Gr. merotumida were found as deep as Sample 165-999A-29X-4, 42-44 cm, but radial lengthening (compared to tangential width) of the final chamber is not apparent.

Globorotalia paralenguaensis

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) paralenguaensis Blow, 1969, v. 1, p. 402, pl. 46, figs. 1-6; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 154, pl. 37, fig. 13.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-30X-CC, 38-40 cm, to 28X-2, 42-44 cm.

Globorotalia plesiotumida

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) tumida (Brady) plesiotumida Blow and Banner (in Banner and Blow, 1965), p. 1353, figs. 2a-c.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) plesiotumida Blow and Banner. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 156, p. 37, figs. 7-9.

Globorotalia plesiotumida Blow and Banner. Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 227, fig. 33.5.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-26X-5, 50-52 cm, to 14H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Specimens with a flat spiral side, overall ovate shape and a final chamber with a 1:1 ratio of tangential width to radial length were accepted as Gr. pleisiotumida. Really good specimens of this species (i.e., with a radially elongate final chamber) were found only in Samples 165-999A-25X-CC, 20-23 cm, and 24X-CC, 35-37 cm. In most samples in Hole 999A where this species was present the dimensions of the final chamber were 1:1 and the secondary criteria for identification were important to note. A final noteworthy characteristic of Gr. plesiotumida is a relatively "tight" umbilicus. That is, the central apices of the chambers on the umbilical side often completely obscure the umbilicus contra (Plate 37 of Kennett and Srinvasan, 1983).

Globorotalia tumida

Pulvinulina menardii (d'Orbigny) var. tumida Brady, 1877, pl. 103, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) tumida tumida (Brady). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 158, pl. 36, fig. 1; pl. 38, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-18H-2, 42-44 cm, to 1H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Gr. tumida flexuosa was found in Sample 165-999A-6H-5, 42-44 cm.

Globorotalia ungulata

Globorotalia ungulata Bermudez, 1960, p. 1304, pl. 15, figs. 6a-b.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) ungulata Bermudez. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 160, pl. 36, figs. 3-4; pl. 38, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-9H-2, 42-44 cm, to 3H-5, 42-44 cm.

GLOBOROTALOIDES
Globorotaloides hexagonus

Globigerina hexagona Natland, 1938, p. 149, pl. 7, figs. 1a-c.

Globorotaloides hexagona (Natland). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 216, pl. 54, figs. 1, 3-5.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-45X-2, 42-44 cm, to 1H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Maximum numbers of this species were found in Sample 165-999A-28X-2, 42-44 cm, and it was unusually common in Sample 165-999A-13H-CC, 28-31 cm. Gd. hexagonus normally accounts for <3% of the assemblage.

GLOBOTURBOROTALITA

Assignment of this genus name to the species listed below is dependent on the supposed phylogenetic connection between Globoturborotalita rubescens Hofker and a Neogene ancestor. Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) linked Gt. rubescens with Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) decoraperta, and acknowledged the possible priority of Globoturborotalita. Lourens et al. (1992) proposed the derivation Gt. rubescens from Globoturborotalita apertura

Globoturborotalita apertura

Globigerina apertura Cushman, 1918, p. 57, pl. 12, figs. 8a-c.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) apertura Cushman. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-33X-CC, 18-20 cm, to 9H-CC, 30-32 cm

Globoturborotalita decoraperta

Globigerina druryi Akers decoraperta Takayanagi and Saito, 1962, p. 85, pl. 28, figs. 10a-c.

Globigerina decoraperta Takayanagi and Saito. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 48, pl. 9, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-29X-CC, 37-39 cm, to 14H-2, 42-44 cm.

Globoturborotalita druryi

Globigerina druryi Akers, 1955, p. 654, pl. 65, fig. 1.

Globoturborotalita druryi (Akers). Hofker, 1977.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) druryi Akers. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 46, pl. 8, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-32X-5, 42-44 cm, to 30X-5, 42-44 cm.

Globoturborotalita nepenthes

Globigerina nepenthes Todd, 1957, p. 301, figs. 7a-b.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) nepenthes Todd. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 48, pl. 9, figs. 1-3.

Globoturborotalita nepenthes (Todd). Hofker, 1977.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-32X-5, 42-44 cm, to 15H-CC.

Remarks: Specimens that are intermediate between the ancestral Globoturborotalita druryi (Kennett and Srinivasn, 1983) and Gt. nepenthes are observed in Sample 165-999A-31X-CC.

Globoturborotalita rubescens

Globigerina rubescens Hofker, 1956, p. 234, pl. 32, fig. 26; pl. 35, figs. 18-21.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) rubescens Hofker. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 50, pl. 9, figs. 7-9.

Globoturborotalita rubescens (Hofker). Hofker, 1977.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-11H-2, 42-44 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: In the absence of its pink coloration this species is difficult to distinguish from Globoturborotalita woodi from the middle Pliocene to lower Pleistocene, where their ranges overlap. A conservative definition is adopted for Gt. rubescens and a more inclusive one for Gt. woodi. This decision is made based on the large amount of morphologic variation observed in Gt. woodi throughout its range. Specimens are called Gt. rubescens if they have a relatively smooth final chamber and a relatively loose whorl, which gives the test a more tetrahedral appearance. By contrast, the chambers of Gt. woodi tend to be more tightly embracing. In addition, the apertural lip of Gt. rubescens tends to be more distinct to even flangelike, and the aperture itself tends to be round ("bullet-hole").

Globoturborotalita tenella

Globigerinoides tenella Parker, 1958, p. 280, pl. 6, figs. 7-11.

Globigerinoides tenellus Parker. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 80, pl. 17, figs. 7-9.

Globoturborotalita tenella (Parker). This study.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-3H-5, 42-44 cm, to 1H-CC, 25-27 cm.

Remarks: In the interest of paring Globigerinoides down to a monophyletic genus we interpret the close resemblance of this species to Gt. rubescens as evidence for phylogenetic relatedness, and reassign it to the genus Globoturborotalita.

Globoturborotalita woodi

Globigerina woodi Jenkins, 1960, p. 352, pl. 2, figs. 2a-c.

Globoturborotalita woodi (Jenkins). Hofker, 1977.

Globigerina (Turborotalita) woodi woodi Jenkins. Chaproniere, 1981, p. 124, pls. 1, 2.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) woodi Jenkins. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 43, pl. 7, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-33X-CC, 18-20 cm, to 9H-CC, 30-32 cm.

HIRSUTELLA
Hirsutella challengeri

Globorotalia challengeri Srinivasan and Kennett, 1981b, pp. 499-533, pl. 1.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) challengeri Srinivasan and Kennett. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 142, pl. 33, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-29X-2, 41-43 cm, to 27X-2, 42-44 cm.

Hirsutella cibaoensis

Globorotalia cibaoensis Bermudez, 1949, p. 285, pl. 22, figs. 21-23.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) cibaoensis Bermudez. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 136, pl. 32, figs. 1-3.

Hirsutella cibaoensis (Bermudez). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 18, 19.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-30X-CC, 38-40 cm, to 15H-CC, 28-31 cm.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from H. scitula by its more pustulose test and the delicate keel on the final chamber. It also is the link between the hirsutellids and the truncorotaliids, giving rise to Truncorotalia crassula during the latest Miocene (Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983). Specimens that are intermediate between H. cibaoensis and T. crassula were found in Sample 165-999A-27X-5, 42-44 cm, deeper than would be expected for the FO of T. crassula. H. cibaoensis differs from Hirsutella juanai (below) by its possession of a slight keel (as per Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, but contra Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983) and a pinched edge to the final chamber. Specimens with a nearly flat spiral side and an umbate shape to the umbilical side of the chambers (i.e., grading toward H. juanai) were found in Samples 165-999A-25X-CC, 35-37 cm, and 21H-5, 42-44 cm.

Hirsutella hirsuta

Rotalina hirsuta d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 131, pl. 1, figs. 34-36.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) hirsuta (D'Orbigny). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 138, pl. 32, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-12H-5, 42-44 cm, to 2H-CC, 11-13 cm.

Remarks: Below Sample 165-999A-10H-5, 42-44 cm, specimens are informally referred to as H. hirsuta "praehirsuta." These specimens serve as a morphological transition and fill the stratigraphic gap between the FO of H. hirsuta and the LO of its putative ancestor, Hirsutella margaritae (Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983). This transition has also been observed at Blake-Bahama Outer Ridge (Leg 172; Keigwin, Rio, Acton, et al., 1998) and at Site 959 (Norris, 1998). The H. hirsuta praehirsuta forms are distinguished from H. margaritae by their generally larger size and pustulose texture. In addition, the umbilically concave shape that is characteristic of H. margaritae gradually gives way to greater inflation on the umblical side and a flatter spiral side with earlier chambers becoming roughened by secondary calcite.

Hirsutella juanai

Globorotalia juanai Bermudez and Bolli, 1969, pp. 171-172, pl. 14, figs. 1-6; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 216, figs. 30.20-21a-c, 22-24.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) juanai Bermudez and Bolli. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 134, pl. 31, figs. 6-8.

Hirsutella juanai (Bermudez and Bolli). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 16.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-28X-2, 42-44 cm, to 20H-5, 42-44 cm.

Hirsutella margaritae

Globorotalia margaritae Bolli and Bermudez, 1965, p. 138, pl. 1, figs. 1-9; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 216, figs. 30.1-5, 30.9-14.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) margaritae Bolli and Bermudez. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 136, pl. 32, figs. 4-6; Bolli and Saunders, 1985.

Hirsutella margaritae (Bolli and Bermudez). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 20.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-17H-CC, 21-23 cm, to 14H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: For succinct comparison of the three margaritae morphotypes of Cita (1973), see Bolli and Saunders (1985, p. 217). Most specimens in Sample 165-999A-17H-CC, 21-23 cm (the FO in this hole), were small H. margaritae primitiva forms. However, large, well-developed H. margaritae evoluta forms were found as deep as Sample 165-999A-16H-CC, 70-73 cm. At Site 999 there appeared to be a gradual morphological transformation from H. margaritae evoluta toward H. hirsuta. Morphometric work seems necessary to delimit this apparently gradual transformation, which may be a Caribbean phenomenon.

Hirsutella scitula

Pulvinulina scitula Brady, 1882, p. 27, pl. 5, fig. 5 (lectotype).

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) scitula (Brady). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 134, pl. 31, figs. 1, 3-5.

Hirsutella scitula (Brady). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 16.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-41X-5, 40-42 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm. This species shows varying amounts of chamber inflation on the umbilical side and flattening of the spiral side. In addition, the texture of the test can vary from opaque to translucent. Specimens with flat spiral sides were found in Sample 165-999A-36X-5, 35-37 cm, and 36X-3, 42-44 cm. Specimens with pronounced inflation on the umbilical side were found in Sample 165-999A-9H-5, 42-44 cm. Above Sample 165-999A-7H-2, 42-44 cm, most specimens were more translucent than those further down the section, strongly suggesting that this is a post-depositional change.

MENARDELLA
Menardella archeomenardii

Globorotalia archeomenardii Bolli, 1957, p. 119, pl. 28, figs. 11a-c.

Globorotalia (Menardella) archeomenardii Bolli. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 122, pl. 28, figs. 3-5.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-40X-5, 42-44 cm, to 38X-2, 42-44 cm.

Menardella exilis

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) cultrata exilis Blow, 1969.

Globorotalia (Mendardella) exilis Blow. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 128, pl. 28, fig. 1; pl. 30, figs. 1-3.

Menardella exilis (Blow). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 6, 9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-15H-5, 42-44 cm, to 9H-2, 42-44 cm.

Menardella limbata

Rotalia limbata Fornasini, 1902, pp. 30-31, pl. 5, fig. 3 (lectotype).

Globorotalia (Menardella) limbata (Fornasini). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 124, pl. 29, figs. 4-6.

Menardella limbata (Fornasini). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-31X-CC, 37-40 cm, to 11H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: M. limbata is distinguished from its ancestor, Menardella menardii, by its straight spiral sutures and inflated chambers on the umbilical side. Specimens of M. limbata in Sample 165-999A-29X-CC, 37-39 cm, have straight spiral sutures, but not umbilical inflation. In Sample 165-999A-22X-2, 42-44 cm, varying degrees of umbilical inflation were observed. In several samples between Sample 165-999A-20H-5, 42-44 cm, and 11H-5, 42-44 cm, finely perforate specimens were observed. These specimens resembled either Menardella miocenica (with umbilical side inflation) or Menardella exilis (with a flattened test and straight spiral sutures). Maximum numbers of M. limbata were found in Sample 165-999A-18H-5, 42-44 cm. In this sample morphology was also quite variable. Some specimens were slightly translucent and relatively flat with an open umbilicus, whereas others were inflated on the umbilical side with a closed umbilical area and a round periphery.

Menardella menardii

Rotalia menardii Parker, Jones, and Brady, 1865, p. 20, pl. 3, fig. 81; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 220, fig. 34.1-10.

Globorotalia (Menardella) menardii Parker, Jones, and Brady. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 124, pl. 28, fig. 2.; pl. 29, figs. 1-3.

Menardella menardii (Parker, Jones, and Brady). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-33X-3, 42-44 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Some M. menardii specimens in Sample 165-999A-22X-4, 42-44 cm, have a "cockscomb" periphery similar to that of Fohsella fohsi lobata. Where their ranges overlap, specimens intermediate between M. menardii and Menardella limbata were often found (e.g., Sample 165-999A-19H-2, 42-44 cm). Similarly, in the lower parts of the Menardella exilis range intermediate specimens were found. For example, in Sample 165-999A-12H-2, 42-44 cm, M. menardii pores are visible, but are very fine and tests are biconvex. The straight spiral sutures characteristic of M. limbata were used to distinguish that species from M. menardii.

At Site 999 M. menardii specimens are predominantly sinistrally coiled. Both sinistral and dextral specimens co-occur in only three samples (Sample 165-999A-32X-2, 42-44 cm; 31X-CC, 37-40 cm; and 6H-5, 42-44 cm). The longest interval of dextral only M. menardii specimens is in the lower to middle Pliocene when the morphospecies is largely absent and dextrally coiled M. limbata are the most abundant menardellid.

Menardella miocenica

Globorotalia menardii (d'Orbigny) var. miocenica Palmer, 1945.

Globorotalia (Menardella) miocenica, Palmer. Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 128, pl. 30, figs. 4-6.

Menardella miocenica (Palmer). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 15, pl. 2, figs. 1-4.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-11H-5, 42-44 cm, to 9H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Good specimens of M. miocenica were not common at Site 999. In Sample 165-999A-11H-2, 42-44 cm, specimens had significant umbilical inflation, but their peripheries were sharply oval, rather than round. In Sample 165-999A-10H-2, 42-44 cm, specimens were not very inflated on the umbilical side and were somewhat opaque, rather than translucent.

Menardella multicamerata

Globorotalia menardii (d'Orbigny) var. multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis, 1930, p. 367, pl. 34, figs. 8a-c.

Globorotalia multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis. Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 220, fig. 32.5a-c.

Globorotalia (Menardella) multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 126, pl. 29, figs. 7-9.

Menardella multicamerata (Cushman and Jarvis). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 4.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-17H-CC, 21-23 cm, to 11H-5, 42-44 cm.

Menardella pertenuis

Globorotalia pertenuis Beard, 1969, p. 552, pl. 1, figs. 1-6; pl. 2, figs. 5, 6; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 220, fig. 33.3a-c.

Globorotalia (Menardella) pertenuis Beard. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 130, pl. 30, figs. 7-9.

Menardella pertenuis (Beard). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 10, 11.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-12H-2, 42-44 cm, to 9H-CC, 30-32 cm.

Remarks: Good specimens of this morphospecies were found only in Sample 165-999A-10H-5, 42-44 cm. This species is separated from M. exilis by the lowering of the apertural, which reduces the opening to a slit, and the frequent presence of a "frill"-like ornament on the apertural lip. In addition, specimens of M. pertenuis are less inflated than those assigned to M. exilis and the chambers have a more subquadrate appearance.

Menardella praemenardii

Globorotalia praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth, 1945, p. 70, pl. 13, figs. 14a-c.

Globorotalia (Menardella) praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 122, pl. 28, figs. 6-8.

Menardella praemenardii (Cushman and Stainforth). Chaisson and Pearson, p. 30, pl. 1, no. 1

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-37X-5, 40-42 cm, to 33X-3, 42-44 cm.

"Globorotalia pseudomiocenica"

Globorotalia pseudomiocenica Bolli and Bermudez, 1965, p. 140, pl. 1, figs. 13-15; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 230, figs. 31.1, 35.1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-21H-2, 42-44 cm, to 10H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: This morphotype is a form of Menardella limbata with a round, rather than an ovate, periphery and with a degree of umbilical inflation that exceeds that of ovate M. limbata, but is usually less pronounced than that of coeval M. miocenica. In addition, the spiral side of G. pseudomiocenica is usually slightly more convex than that of M. miocenica. Specimens with the flattest dorsal sides were observed in Sample 165-999A-18H-2, 42-44 cm. That is, well below the FO of M. miocenica.

NEOGLOBOQUADRINA
Neogloboquadrina acostaensis

Globorotalia acostaensis Blow, 1959, p. 208, pl. 17, figs. 106a-c.

Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (Blow). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 196, pl. 47, fig. 1; pl. 48, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-29X-5, 41-43 cm, to 12H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The FO of this species is difficult to constrain at this site because irregular specimens in Samples 165-999A-30X-CC, 38-40 cm; 30X-5, 42-44 cm; and 30X-2, 43-45 cm, resemble Paragloborotalia mayeri. These five-chambered specimens lack the high arched, hooked aperture of the latter species or have an apertural flap that covers that feature. However, the difference between the size of chambers in the penultimate and final whorls in these irregular specimens is greater than is usual for N. acostaenis and more characteristic of the paragloborotaliids. They may, however, represent five-chambered intermediate forms between the ancestral Neogloboquadrina continuosa and N. acostaensis. In the Pliocene interval of Hole 999A several samples (Samples 165-999A-10H-5, 42-44 cm; 10H-3, 32-34 cm; 10H-2, 42-44 cm; 8H-CC, 24-26 cm; 7H-CC, 23-25 cm; 7H-5, 42-44 cm; 6H-2, 42-44 cm; 5H-2, 42-44 cm; and 2H-5, 42-44 cm) include small neogloboquadrinids that resemble the "aco-pac" form described by Loubere (1988) in the Pliocene North Atlantic. These specimens have a low trochospire, an apertural flap, four and a half to five chambers in the final whorl that gradually increase in size. In this study these specimens are classified as N. pachyderma.

Neogloboquadrina continuosa

Globorotalia opima Bolli subsp. continuosa Blow, 1959, p. 218, pl. 19, figs. 125a-c.

Neogloboquadrina continuosa (Blow). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 192, pl. 47, figs. 3-5.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of the section examined to Sample 165-999A-29X-CC, 37-39 cm.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from Neogloboquadrina pachyderma by their differing whorl geometries. Specifically, in N. continuosa Chamber 6 (counting backward from the final chamber) in the penultimate whorl, is on the same radial axis as Chamber 2 in the final whorl. In N. pachyderma Chamber 6 lines up with the suture between Chambers 1 and 2. In addition, the final chamber of an N. continuosa tends to be larger than the penultimate chamber. This is not often the case in an N. pachyderma.

Neogloboquadrina dutertrei

Globigerina dutertrei d'Orbigny, 1839, pl. 2, fig. 1 (lectotype).

Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (d'Orbigny). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 198, pl. 48, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-25X-CC, 20-23 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Upper Miocene specimens of this species are very primitive looking with relatively lower trochospires than Pliocene specimens, little or no apertural ornamentation, and less umbilical aperture position. They are distinguished from coeval Neogloboquadrina acostaensis by their greater chamber inflation and less embracing chambers. See Neogloboquadrina humerosa below.

Neogloboquadrina humerosa

Globorotalia humerosa Takayanagi and Saito, 1962, p. 78, pl. 28, figs. 1a-2b.

Neogloboquadrina humerosa (Takayanagi and Saito). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 196, pl. 28, figs. 1a-2b.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-20H-CC, 41-44 cm, to 17H-CC, 21-23 cm.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from Neogloboquadrina dutertrei by possession of at least six chambers in the final whorl, a lower trochospire, and a more extraumbilical aperture. The aperture is also bordered by a rim. Good examples of this morphotype were found in Sample 165-999A-17H-CC, 21-23 cm.

Neogloboquadrina pachyderma

Aristopira pachyderma Ehrenberg, 1861, pp. 276, 277, 303; Banner and Blow, 1960, p. 4, pl. 3, figs. 4a-c (lectotype).

Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg). Kennett and Srinivasan, p. 192, pl. 47, figs. 2, 6-8.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-30X-5, 42-44 cm, to 2H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The LO of sinistrally coiled N. pachyderma is in Sample 165-999A-15H-5, 42-44 cm, in the lower Pliocene. Tropical specimens of this species retain the familiar four-square appearance of the extra-tropical representatives, but the chambers tend to be more inflated and crusting with secondary calcite not as common or as pronounced.

ORBULINA
Orbulina universa

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 86, pl. 20, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-37X-5, 40-42 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Bilobate specimens are rarely observed at this site. However, in several samples between Sample 165-999A-33X-CC, 18-20 cm, and 22H-2, 42-44 cm, Orbulina specimens have the earlier trochospirally arranged chambers visibly embedded in the wall of the final spherical chamber. In Sample 165-999A-35X-2, 39-41 cm, Orbulina specimens that closely resemble Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis were found, but no P. glomerosa were observed at this site.

PARAGLOBOROTALIA

Spezzaferri (1991) assigned "Globorotalia kugleri" to the genus. According to Spezzaferri (1991) the following taxa are descended from P. kugleri (Spezzaferri, 1991) and therefore take the genus name. By contrast, Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) traced the ancestry of the following taxa from Globorotalia opima and created the subgenus Jenkinsella for G. opima and its descendants.

Paragloborotalia mayeri

Globorotalia mayeri Cushman and Ellisor, 1939, p. 11, pl. 2, figs. 4a-c.

Globorotalia siakensis LeRoy, 1939, p. 262, pl. 4, figs. 20-22.

Globorotalia (Jenkinsella) mayeri Cushman and Ellisor. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 174, pl. 43, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia (Jenkinsella) siakensis LeRoy. Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 172, pl. 42, figs. 1, 6-8.

Stratigraphic range: Bottom of the section examined to Sample 165-999A-30X-2, 43-45 cm.

Paragloborotalia semivera

Globigerina semivera Hornibrook, 1961, p. 149, pl. 23, figs. 455-457.

Globorotalia (Jenkinsella) semivera (Hornibrook). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 172, pl. 42, figs. 3-5.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-46X-5, 45-46 cm, to 42X-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: This species resembles Paragloborotalia mayeri, but its aperture lacks the "hook" characteristic of the latter species.

PRAEORBULINA
Praeorbulina sicana

Globigerinoides sicanus (De Stefani), 1950, p. 9, fig. 6; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 62, pl. 13, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-46X-CC, 27-32 cm, to 39X-2, 41-43 cm.

Remarks: Samples in the lower Miocene interval of Hole 999A are very clay rich, which makes it difficult to locate the tiny, third supplementary aperture that distinguishes P. sicana from Globigerinodes sacculifer of the trilobus form (see comments in Pearson and Chaisson, 1997). In the interval of transition, specimens of Gs. sacculifer with especially large final chambers are common. The third aperture is invariably on the suture between the ultimate and penultimate chambers.

PULLENIATINA
Pulleniatina obliquiloculata

Pullenia sphaeroides (d'Orbigny) var. obliquiloculata Parker and Jones, 1865, p. 368, pl. 19, figs. 4a-b.

Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (Parker and Jones), Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 202, pl. 49, fig. 2; pl. 50, figs. 6-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-8H-CC, 24-26 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Pulleniatina primalis

Pulleniatina primalis Banner and Blow, 1967, p. 142, pl. 1, figs. 3-8; pl. 3, figs. 2a-c; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 200, pl. 49, figs. 1, 3-5.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-18H-2, 42-44 cm, to 12H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Dextrally coiled specimens are found in only one sample (Sample 165-999A-12H-2, 42-44 cm).

SPHAEROIDINELLA
Sphaeroidinella dehiscens

Sphaeroidina bulloides d'Orbigny var. dehiscens Parker and Jones, 1865, p. 369, pl. 19, fig. 5.

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and Jones). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 212, pl. 51, fig. 2; pl. 52, figs. 7-9.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-17H-CC, 21-23 cm, to 1H-5, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: S. dehiscens with incomplete cortices were found in Sample 165-999A-17H-5, 42-44 cm, revealing the phylogenetic relationship with Globigerinoides sacculifer. Secondary apertures on the spiral side remain minute between the FO and Sample 165-999A-13H-5, 42-44 cm.

SPHAEROIDINELLOPSIS
Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta

Sphaeroidinella disjuncta Finlay, 1940, p. 467, pl. 67, figs. 224-228.

Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta (Finlay). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 206, pl. 51, figs. 3-5.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-49X-4, 42-44 cm, to 42X-5, 42-44 cm.

Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi

Globigerina kochi Caudri, 1934, text figs. 8a-b.

Synonym: Sphaeroidinella multiloba LeRoy, 1944, p. 91, pl. 4, figs. 7-9.

Synonym: Sphaeroidinella dehiscens subdehiscens Blow, 1959, p. 195, pl. 12, figs. 71a-c.

Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi (Caudri). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, pl. 52, figs. 1-3.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-37X-5, 40-42 cm, to 16H-4, 42-44 cm.

Sphaeroidinellopsis paenedehiscens

Sphaeroidinellopsis paenedehiscens Blow, 1969, p. 386, pl. 30, figs. 4, 5, 9; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 52, figs. 4-6.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-29X-5, 41-43 cm, to 15H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: Ss. seminulina and Ss. kochi with incomplete cortices were found in Sample 165-999A-37X-5, 40-42 cm, and strongly suggested a phylogenetic connection to saccate Globigerinoides sacculifer, although the sphaeroidinellopsids lack the supplementary apertures of Globigerinoides species. Similar specimens in Sample 165-999A-25X-CC, 20-23 cm, suggest non-saccate Gs. sacculifer may be the ancestor of Ss. paenedehiscens.

Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina

Globigerina seminulina Schwager, 1866, p. 256, pl. 7, fig. 112.

Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina seminulina (Schwager). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 206, pl. 51, figs. 1, 6-8.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-38X-2, 42-44 cm, to 13H-2, 42-44 cm.

TRUNCOROTALIA
Truncorotalia crassaformis

Globigerina crassaformis Galloway and Wissler, 1927, p. 41, pl. 7, fig. 12.

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 146, pl. 34, figs. 6-8.

Globorotalia crassaformis crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler). Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 230, fig. 36.6-7.

Truncorotalia crassaformis (Galloway and Wissler). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 16, pl. 2, figs. 6-11.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-15H-5, 42-44 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: This species has distinct morphotypes that have been classified as "subspecies" by some workers (e.g., Bolli and Saunders, 1985; Arnold, 1983). Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) inferred "a possible ancestry" between Truncorotalia crassula and T. crassaformis. T. crassaformis viola is the "crassaformis" morphotype most similar to T. crassula. This form has relatively less umbilical inflation than most forms of T. crassaformis, more spatulate chambers, and was observed in Samples 165-999A-9H-2, 42-44 cm; 7H-5, 42-44 cm; and 5H-2, 42-44 cm. In the last sample the chambers are strongly keeled. By contrast, T. crassaformis hessi is a compact, nearly pyramidal form with a kummerform final chamber, the spiral base of which is on a different plane than those of the other chambers in the final whorl. Good T. crassaformis hessi were observed in Sample 165-999A-6H-2, 42-44 cm. Finally, specimens with very embracing chambers that are tightly coiled and very similar in form to Truncorotalia truncatulinoides, but have four to four and a half chambers in the final whorl, were found in Sample 165-999A-5H-5, 42-44 cm.

Truncorotalia truncatulinoides

Rotalia truncatulinoides d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 132, pl. 2, figs. 25-27.

Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny). Lamb and Beard, 1972, p. 56, pl. 24, figs. 1-4; pl. 25, figs. 1-7; pl. 26, figs. 1-3; Jenkins and Orr, 1972; p. 1104, pl. 33, figs. 4-6; Stainforth et al., 1975, figs. 209-211.

Globorotalia truncatulinoides truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny). Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 234, figs. 37.4-5.

Globorotalia (Truncorotalia) truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny). Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 148, pl. 34, fig. 2; pl. 35, figs. 4-6.

Truncorotalia truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny). Chaisson and Pearson, 1997, p. 16.

Stratigraphic range: Sample 165-999A-8H-2, 42-44 cm, to 1H-2, 42-44 cm.

Remarks: The transition from Truncorotalia tosaensis to Truncorotalia truncatulinoides is defined by the development of an imperforate peripheral keel or band. Transitional specimens were found in Sample 165-999A-4H-5, 42-44 cm; they had only a faint band on the older chambers of the final whorl.

Dextrally coiled T. truncatulinoides were more consistently present at Site 999. In only one sample (Sample 165-999A-7H-2, 42-44 cm) were there only sinistrally coiled specimens. In only two samples (Samples 165-999A-5H-CC, 14-16 cm, and 4H-CC, 16-20 cm) were sinistrally coiled specimens significantly more common than dextrally coiled specimens.