Table 1. Representative reactions.

Carbonate reactions
Calcite/aragonite dissolution/precipitation:
H2O + CO2 + CaCO3 = Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
Dolomite dissolution/precipitation:
2H2O + 2CO2 + CaMg(CO3)2 = Ca2+ + Mg2+ + 4HCO3-
Organic remineralization (redox pathways)
Suboxic diagenesis:
Mn and Fe reduction dissolved Mn2+ and Fe2+ increase
Sulfate reduction:
(CH2O)106(NH3)16(H3PO4) + 53SO42- 106HCO3- + 53HS- + 16NH3 + H3PO4 + 53H+
Silicate reactions
Low-temperature decomposition (dissolution/hydrolysis) of basaltic basement:
basaltic glass, plagioclase, and olivine e.g., release of Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Fe2+ , HCO3-, and H4SiO4 (liberated Mg2+, H4SiO4, and Fe2+ rapidly removed via smectite precipitation)
K-feldspar kaolinite:
2KAlSi3O8 + 2H+ + 9H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 4H4SiO4
Kaolinite illite:
5Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 2HCO3- + 4SiO2(aq) 2KAl5Si7O20(OH)4 + 7H2O + 2CO2
Kaolinite Mg-smectite:
7Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 8SiO2(aq) + Mg2+ 6[(Al2.00)(Si3.67Al0.33)O10(OH)2]Mg0.167 + 7H2O + 2H+
Albite Na-smectite:
2.33NaAlSi3O8 + 8.64H2O + 2CO2 Na0.33Al2.33Si3.67O10(OH)2 + 2Na+ + 2HCO3- + 3.32H4SiO4