acoustic unit 3. See HPC acoustic Unit 3
age
argon isotopes, B:233-236
lithofacies, B:151
magnetic polarity, B:144
models, B:255, 257
volcanism, B:299-314
See also dating; geochronology; radiometric ages
age vs. depth
Caribbean Sea, B:257
Site 998, A:70
Site 999, A:161
Site 1000, A:253
Site 1001, A:315
Site 1002, B:96
Aguacate Formation, volcanic provenance, A:184
Alice Shoal, seismic units, B:209
alkalinity
carbonate reactions, B:291
pore water, A:75, 167-168, 259-260, 319
vs. depth, A:75, 167, 259, 319, 372, 396-397; B:292, 294-295
alkenones
concentration, B:239-247
sediments, B:96
Allison Guyot, thermal events, A:151
alteration
carbonates, B:228
chemical reactions, A:167-168
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:150-152
lithologic units, A:60
photograph, A:82, 177, 328
pore water, A:396-398
volcanic ash falls, A:82, 391; B:294-296
volcanic glass, A:176
See also diagenesis; hydrothermal alteration
aluminum logs, vs. depth, A:104
aluminum oxide, volcanic ash, A:180
aluminum oxide logs, vs. depth, A:93, 193; B:195
ammonium
pore water, A:75, 166, 259, 317; B:288
redox, A:257
vs. depth, A:75-76, 166, 257, 319, 372; B:289, 294
amphiboles
lithologic units, A:308
photomicrograph, A:81
Andes N, uplifts, A:207
andesite, petrography, A:83
anoxic deposits
Quaternary, B:125-140
sediments, B:88-93, 98
Antarctic Bottom Water, ocean circulation, B:255, 264
Antarctic Intermediate Water, ocean circulation, A:9; B:255, 264
Antarctica, carbon isotopes vs. oxygen isotopes, B:281
apophyses, photograph, A:327
aragonite
bulk sediments, B:255
lithologic units, A:238, 241, 247, 260; B:87
mass accumulation rates, B:261-262
saturation, A:383
vs. depth, A:240, 259
argon isotopes
age, B:151
basalts, B:233-236
feldspars, B:306
volcanism, B:299-314
Atitlan I caldera, volcanic provenance, A:183
Atlantic hiatus, Neogene, B:29
Atlantic Ocean, ocean circulation, B:255, 269-270
atmospheric circulation, tephra transport, B:105-110
Aves Swell, circulation, A:9
bacteriaparagenesis, B:228-230
See also microbial activity
Banco Nuevo, seismic units, B:209
barite, biogenic production, A:79
barium
volcanic ash, A:180
vs. depth, A:79
barium/titanium ratio, vs. depth, A:79
basalts
basement, A:391-393; B:293-294
demagnetization, B:159-162
fractures, B:227-232
geochemistry, A:329-330
geochronology, B:233-236
lava, A:325-330, 347
magnetic inclination, A:314
major oxides, A:326
oceanic plateaus, A:11
paleomagnetism, B:157
petrography, A:326-329
photograph, A:327-328
trace elements, A:393
See also limestone/basalt contact
basalts, altered, photograph, A:306
basalts, aphyric
photomicrograph, A:329
textures, A:326
basalts, plagioclase-phyric
photomicrograph, A:329
textures, A:326
basalts, tholeiitic, chromium vs. yttrium, A:329, 331
basalts, variolitic, photograph, A:329
basement
igneous rocks, A:391-393; B:293-294
reactions with seawater, B:293-294
basement, acoustic, reflections, A:133-135
basement, basaltic, Cretaceous, A:294, 327, 347
basement, volcanic
depth, B:219-224
geochronology, B:233-236
bathymetric maps, A:300
bathymetry
acoustic basement, A:134, 294
Caribbean Sea, B:253
Pedro Channel, A:234
Beata Ridge, acoustic basement, A:133
Beloc Formation, Haiti, A:7
bicarbonate ions
carbonate reactions, B:291
seawater reactions with basement, B:294
biochronology, tephra ages, B:302, 306-308
biogenic production, chemical proxies, A:79
biostratigraphic datums
nannofossils, A:63, 153, 249, 310; B:3-15, 306
planktonic foraminifers, A:65, 157, 251, 310; B:23-29, 256, 306
biostratigraphy
closing, A:384-385
radiolarians, B:57-81
Site 998, A:62-67; B:3-17
Site 999, A:152-158; B:3-17, 19-56
Site 1000, A:248-251; B:3-17
Site 1001, A:309-314
Site 1002, A:368; B:85-99
vs. age, B:256
vs. radiometric ages, B:305-307
biotite
photomicrograph, A:81
tephra ages, B:302-304
bioturbation
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151-152
cycles, B:132
lithologic units, A:145-148, 150, 239, 242-243, 297-302; B:87, 98
photograph, A:56, 59, 147, 241, 244-245, 247
volcanic ash, A:263-264, 322-324
See also burrows
bitumens, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, A:256-257
Blake Plateau, ocean circulation, B:267
Bocono Fault, lithofacies, B:131
bolides
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:393-394
impact craters, A:7
boreholes, depth shifting, B:194, 196
breccia
basement, A:392-393
photograph, A:327-328
breccia, hyaloclastite, basalts, A:330
Brunhes Chron, paleomagnetism, B:145
burial history, mixed sediments, B:177-190
burrows, lithologic units, A:145, 304
Cabo Codera, basins, B:86calcite
concretions, B:130-131
lithologic units, A:238, 244
photograph, A:329; B:137
recrystallization, B:133
See also quartz/calcite ratio
calcite, magnesian
lithologic units, A:238-239, 247, 259
mass accumulation rates, B:261-262
saturation, A:383
calcite, secondary, photograph, A:328
calcium
carbonate reactions, B:291
impact craters, A:8
pore water, A:74, 167, 260, 319, 348, 396-398; B:295
seawater reactions with basement, B:293-294
vs. depth, A:75, 167, 260, 319, 372, 397; B:292, 294
See also hydrogen/(silicon + calcium) ratio logs; iron/(silicon + calcium) ratio logs; silicon/(silicon + calcium) ratio logs
calcium carbonate
biogenic production, A:79
sediments, A:254-256, 316, 318
vs. depth, A:257
calcium logs, vs. depth, B:196-197
calcium oxide
basalts, A:329
vs. silica, A:84
caliper logs, vs. depth, A:92, 192, 272, 338; B:223
Campanian
lithologic units, A:304-308
pelagic sedimentation, A:378; B:308
tephra grain size and thickness, B:112
volcanic ash, A:322-325
Canal Basin, volcanic provenance, A:184
carbon, inorganic, sediments, A:72-73, 163-164, 254-256, 316, 318
carbon, organic
biogenic production, A:79
sediments, A:72-73, 163-164
carbon, total, sediments, A:254-256, 316, 318
carbon, total organic
carbonate reactions, B:292
sediments, A:254-256
vs. age, B:97, 244
vs. depth, A:255; B:293
carbon dioxide
paleoclimatology, A:8-10
Rock-Eval pyrolysis, A:256-257
carbon isotopes
vs. age, B:263, 282
vs. depth, B:196-197, 278, 280
vs. oxygen isotopes, B:281
water mass signature, B:268-269
carbonate compensation depth
lithologic units, A:56, 62, 247; B:201
See also lysocline
carbonate content
bulk sediments, B:254
correlation with magnetic susceptibility, A:382
Eocene/Miocene unconformity, A:321
lithologic units, A:53, 56, 138, 142-147, 164, 238-247, 297-308
mass accumulation rates, A:379-380
Miocene, A:152
sediments, A:71-72, 76-79, 321, 348; B:117-118, 258-259
vs. age, A:58, 144-145, 382, 384; B:97, 119, 258, 260, 265
vs. color reflectance, A:61
vs. depth, A:78, 146, 149, 240, 243, 259, 263, 303, 306, 392, 396; B:195, 293
vs. magnetic susceptibility, A:61, 252
vs. paleolatitude, B:171
carbonate crash interval
lithologic units, A:56
Miocene/late Miocene interval, A:381-384; B:249-273
models, B:264-266
ocean circulation, A:9
pelagic sedimentation, A:378-380
sedimentation rates, A:96
carbonate dissolution event, circulation, A:9
carbonate dissolution index, interglacial Stage 5e, B:266
carbonate lithification front, vs. depth, A:255
carbonate minimums. See Miocene, middle-upper carbonate crash
carbonate platforms
reflectors, A:234, 275
See also megabanks, foundered
carbonate solution
diagenesis, A:261
See also dissolution
carbonate systems, sea gateways, B:254
carbonates
bulk sediments, A:394, 396
compaction, B:181-183
impact craters, A:8
mineralogy, B:255
Miocene/late Miocene interval, A:381-384
pelagic sedimentation, A:378-380
photograph, A:329; B:230
photomicrograph, B:231
reactions, B:291-293
scanning electron microscopy, B:232
carbonates, microcrystalline, microbial origin, B:227-232
carbonates, pelagic, correlation of magnetic susceptibility and calcium carbonate, A:382, 384
Cariaco Basin
anoxic deposits, B:125-140
circulation, A:9
hydrography, B:240
oxic to anoxic environment, A:361
paleoceanography, B:239-247
sedimentation, A:370
site description, A:359-373
stratigraphy and sedimentation, B:85-99
Caribbean/Loop Current system, ocean circulation, B:267-269
Caribbean Current
erosional events, A:234, 275
general circulation models, B:267-269
Neogene, A:9; B:29
pelagic sedimentation, A:379-380
Caribbean Plate
basement, A:393
formation, A:160
paleolatitude, B:149-173
Caribbean region, Miocene volcanic episode paleogeography, A:387
Caribbean Sea
geology, A:7-13; B:29
high-resolution well-log data, B:191-203
Miocene carbonate crash, B:249-273
Miocene volcanic ash layers, B:101-113
Neogene biostratigraphy, B:3-17
ocean circulation, B:253
paleoceanography, B:275-283
pore water geochemistry, B:287-298
radiolarian biostratigraphy, B:57-81
synthetic seismograms, B:205-217
terrigenous matter and dispersed ash, B:115-124
volcanism age, B:299-314
cavity fills, carbonates, B:229
Cayman Fracture Zone, volcanism, A:390
Cayman Ridge
geology, B:151, 308-309
origin, A:103
plate tectonics, A:390
seismic stratigraphy, A:50-51
tectonics, A:85
volcanism, A:86, 347, 388-390
Cayman Rise
age models, B:255, 257
carbonate crash, A:152
Eocene plate tectonics, A:390
geology, B:151
Miocene and Eocene tectonics, A:103
Miocene/late Miocene carbonate crash, A:382
pelagic sedimentation, A:378-379
seismic stratigraphy, A:50-51
seismic units, B:208-209
site description, A:49-129
tectonics, A:95-96, 103-106; B:308-309
volcaniclastics, A:85-86
volcanism, A:388-390
Cayman Trench, volcanism, A:86
Cayman Trough
bathymetry, A:234
geology, B:151
seismic stratigraphy, A:50-51, 232
volcanism, A:86, 390
Cayman Trough Fracture Zone, volcaniclastics, A:85-86
Cayman volcanic arc, volcanism, A:388-390
Ceara Rise
carbonate content vs. age, B:265, 269-270
terrigenous accumulation rates, B:123
cementation
microbial origin, B:227-232
pore water, A:260
Cenozoic
explosive volcanism, B:312
paleoclimatology, A:8-10
paleogeography, B:173
paleolatitude, B:149-173
Central America
Miocene explosive volcanism, B:311
tephra source areas, B:105
volcanism, A:389
Central American Arc S, volcanic provenance, A:183-184
Central American Seaway
closing, A:9, 207, 275, 384-385; B:29, 267
mass accumulation rates, A:379
Miocene tectonics, B:252
paleoceanography, planktonic foraminifers, A:154-155
pelagic sedimentation, A:379-380
Chalatenango Formation
tephra source areas, B:105
volcanic provenance, A:183
volcaniclastics, A:85
chalk
lithologic units, A:55
Paleocene, A:381
seismic facies, B:210
chalk, calcareous, lithologic units, A:300-302, 342
chalk, clayey calcareous, lithologic units, A:145-146
chalk, clayey nannofossil, lithologic units, A:145-146, 241-242
chalk, foraminiferal
lithologic units, A:59
photograph, A:59
chalk, micritic nannofossil, lithologic units, A:241-248
chalk, nannofossil
lithologic units, A:58
photograph, A:59
chert
diagenesis, B:308
lithologic units, A:58; B:209, 213
photograph, A:305
thickness vs. depth, A:304
volcanic ash, B:295
vs. depth, A:320, 397; B:296
chert, interbedded, lithologic units, A:300-302, 308, 348
chert nodules, lithologic units, A:58
chert nodules/core ratio, vs. depth, A:59
chertification
seismic stratigraphy, A:203-204
See also silicification
Chicxulub impact crater
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:206, 393-394
formation, A:7
chlorinity
pore water, A:73-74, 166, 259, 317
vs. depth, A:74, 166, 259, 319, 372
chlorite
lithologic units, A:138
photograph, A:328
Choco Block, volcanic provenance, A:183-184
Chondrites, lithologic units, A:145
Chorotega Block, volcanic provenance, A:183-184
Chortis Block
sedimentation, A:206
volcanic provenance, A:183-184
volcaniclastics, A:85-86
chromium
basalts, A:329
bulk sediments, A:202
provenance, A:322
sediments, B:117-118
terrigenous component, A:261, 321
volcanic ash, A:169-170
vs. yttrium, A:331
Chron 26N, remanent magnetization, A:314
Chron 28N, remanent magnetization, A:314
chron boundaries, depths, A:315
Chron C3n2n, "pachyderma" interval, A:207
Chron C5n, magnetostratigraphy, A:160
Chron C34n(y), tephra ages, B:302
clasts
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:394
photograph, A:306, 328
clay minerals
alteration, B:296
identification by thorium vs. potassium, A:340
lithologic units, A:142-143, 239, 241, 243, 297-308
volcanic ash falls, A:82
X-ray diffraction peak intensity, vs. depth, A:142
clays
compaction, B:181-183
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151-152
cycles, B:132
lithofacies, B:131-133
lithologic units, A:53-55, 146-147, 150, 241-248, 298-306
clays, green silty, lithologic units, B:87
clays, greenish gray, lithologic units, A:145
clays, indurated
lithologic units, A:143-145
photograph, A:144
clays, nannofossil, lithologic units, A:298-300
clays, nannofossil silty, lithologic units, A:363-368
clays, silty
lithologic units, A:363-368
oxic to anoxic environment, A:361
clays, smectitic
lithologic units, A:305
photograph, A:307
claystone
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151-152, 204-206
late Paleocene thermal maximum, A:206
lithologic units, A:147-148, 302-306
Paleocene, A:381
photograph, A:148-149, 305, 307
cleavage, shaly, photograph, A:307
climate forcing, Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:8
clinoptilolite, lithologic units, A:241
clinopyroxene
photograph, A:329
photomicrograph, A:329
Cocos Plate, volcanism, A:184
coercivity, basalts, B:159-162
Colombian Basin
acoustic basement, A:133-135
carbonate content vs. age, B:265
carbonate dissolution index, B:266
depth to volcanic basement, B:219-224
geology, B:151
Miocene/late Miocene carbonate crash, A:382
oceanic plateaus, A:9-10
paleoceanography, B:275-283
plate tectonics, B:252
sedimentation rates, B:257
sediments, A:194; B:264
site description, A:131-230
color banding
lithologic units, A:53, 55-58, 146
sediments, B:127-128
color reflectance. See reflectance
compaction
burial history, B:177-190
corrections, B:129
foraminifers, B:133, 139
volcanic ash, A:263-264
compaction curves, plots, B:181-182, 185
composite cores, photograph, A:150
composite sections
Site 998, A:54-55, 97-102
Site 999, A:196-201
Site 1000, A:278-281
Site 1001, A:343-345
compressional wave velocity
multisensor track data, A:86-88, 186, 265-267, 333
perpendicular to core axis vs. parallel to core axis, A:189
sediments, A:185-186
vs. depth, A:87, 89, 185, 189, 266, 332, 334
concretions
calcite, B:130-131
carbonates and silica, B:133
compaction, B:133
dolomite, B:130-131
concretions, carbonate, photograph, B:137-139
concretions, siliceous, photograph, B:137, 139
consolidation, porosity, B:181-183
contourites
lithologic units, A:59
photograph, A:60
cooling, explosive volcanism, B:312
Coris Formation, volcanic provenance, A:184
correlation
seismic units, B:206-217
Site 147/Site 1002, B:89
Costa Rica
Chalatenango Formation, A:85
volcanic provenance, A:183-184
Coyol Group, tephra source areas, B:105
Cretaceous
basaltic basement, A:327
calcareous nannofossils, A:154, 311
lithologic units, A:150-152
See also Campanian; Maastrichtian
Cretaceous, Upper
anoxic deposits, B:125-140
paleoclimatology, A:8-10
paleogeography, B:173
paleolatitude, B:149-173
pelagic sedimentation, A:377
planktonic foraminifers, A:313
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary
bolide impact hypothesis, A:393-394
Caribbean Sea, A:7, 379
gamma-ray spectra scanning, A:186, 336
lithologic units, A:150, 304-306, 342, 346
lithology, A:204-206, 395
magnetostratigraphy, A:160; B:143-147
paleoclimatology, A:8-10
photograph, A:150, 307, 346
planktonic foraminifers, A:158, 313
remanent magnetization, A:314
sedimentation rates, B:145
sequences, A:151-152
sites, A:206
summary, A:205
cross laminations
lithologic units, A:59
photograph, A:60
crust
acoustic basement, A:133
basalts, A:330
crystal size
Miocene volcanic ash layers, B:102-103
See also grain size
Cuba
Oriente Terrane, A:86
volcanism, A:389; B:309
Cucaracha Formation, volcanic provenance, A:184
Culebra Formation, volcanic provenance, A:184
Curre Formation, volcanic provenance, A:184
currents
ocean circulation, A:154-155
See also Western Boundary Current
cyclic sedimentation
anoxic deposits, B:125-140
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:9
duration, B:131, 133
photograph, B:137
datingigneous activity, A:85
See also age; geochronology; radiometric ages
deformation, photograph, B:136
demagnetization
magnetic inclination, A:159-160
sediments, A:368-369
vector diagrams, A:68, 159-160
demagnetization, alternating-field, basalts, B:159-162
density, vs. depth, B:183, 207, 208, 210-212
density, GRAPE, vs. depth, A:87, 185, 187, 266, 332, 372, 381
density, IP, vs. depth, A:87, 185, 266, 332
density logs
vs. depth, A:92, 192; 272, 338; B:195-197, 223
See also gamma ray-density logs;
gamma ray-density-porosity logs
density, wet bulk, vs. depth, A:90, 142-143, 149, 189, 269, 335
deposition
Magdalena Fan, A:207
oxic to anoxic, A:361
See also sedimentation
deposition, hemipelagic, sedimentation, B:98
deposition, pelagic, carbonate content, A:152, 245-248
diagenesis
anoxic deposits, B:125-140
microstylolites, B:177-190
paleoceanography, B:275-283
pore-water geochemistry, B:287-298
reactions, A:77-79
redox, A:164; B:308
See also alteration; carbonate solution; cementation; dissolution; recrystallization
diagenesis, reductive, iron oxide to pyrite, A:252, 258
diatoms, lithologic units, A:142, 363, 366, 368, 370; B:87
dish structures, volcanic ash, A:263-264
dispersal
Miocene volcanic ash layers, B:101-113
volcanic ash, A:172-174; B:115-124
dissolution
basaltic glass, B:294
carbonates, A:166-167, 247, 348
coarse fraction, B:257-258, 269-272
cyclic sedimentation, B:137-138
Miocene/late Miocene interval, A:382-384
opal A, A:261
See also carbonate solution
dolomite
concretions, B:130-131
lithologic units, A:238-239, 260, 364-368
See also proto-dolomite
downhole measurements
Site 998, A:88-95
Site 999, A:186-194
Site 1000, A:269-274
Site 1001, A:336-341
dysoxia, Paleocene, A:381
echinoderms, photomicrograph, A:246ejecta mass, impact craters, A:7
Ekman drift, circulation, B:86
El Salvador
Chalatenango Formation, A:85
tephra source areas, B:105
volcanic provenance, A:183
volcanism, A:387
electron microprobe data, basalts, B:233-235
environment. See oxic environment; tropical environment
Eocene
ash deposits, A:103
biostratigraphy, A:66
calcareous nannofossils, A:154
lithologic units, A:56, 58-60, 146, 300-303
pelagic sedimentation, A:378
planktonic foraminifers, A:156-157
plate tectonics, A:390
sedimentation rates, A:162
tectonics, A:103
volcanic ash, A:174
volcanism, A:85-86, 388-390; B:308-309
See also Miocene/middle Eocene sequence; Paleocene/Eocene boundary
Eocene/Miocene boundary, unconformities, B:212
Eocene/Miocene unconformity, sediments, A:321, 348
Eocene middle/lower boundary, unconformities, A:304
Ericson Y zone, planktonic foraminifers, B:88
erosional events
middle Miocene, A:234
See also hiatuses; unconformities
eruptions
glass shard morphology, A:177-178
tephra source areas, B:105-106
volcaniclastics, A:85-86
volcanism, A:347, 389, 390
See also explosions; volcanism
evaporites, impact craters, A:8
explosions
volcanism, A:390; B:299-314
See also eruptions; volcanism
fabric, cycles, B:134Farallon Plate
oceanic plateaus, A:9-10
paleolatitude, B:170
subduction, A:85
volcanism, A:184
faults
maps, B:127
reflectors, A:295
See also grabens
faults, block, reflectors, A:234
faults, normal
acoustic basement, A:133
reflectors, A:234
feldspars
argon isotopes, B:306
crystal size, B:102-109
crystal size in tephra fall layers, B:112
cumulative percentage of maximum size, B:105, 107, 109
lithologic units, A:308
long-axis measurements, B:104
median size vs. tephra layer thickness, B:104, 107-108
foraminifers
biostratigraphic datums, B:256
compaction, B:133
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151-152
lithologic units, A:53-58, 138, 142-143, 145-148, 238-239, 241-248, 297-298, 300-302, 363, 370; B:87
oxygen isotopes, B:243
photograph, A:329; B:137
photomicrograph, A:246
radiometric ages, B:305-306
vs. depth, A:142
foraminifers, benthic
biostratigraphy, A:67, 313-314
carbon isotopes, B:268-269
late Paleocene thermal maximum, A:206
stable isotopes, B:262-263
turbidites, A:67
foraminifers, calcitized, photograph, B:136
foraminifers, planktonic
biostratigraphic datums, A:65, 157, 251, 310; B:257
biostratigraphy, A:64-66, 154-158, 250-251, 311-313, 368; B:19-56
preservation, A:66-67
Formation A
basaltic basement, A:325
photograph, A:328
Formation B
basaltic basement, A:325
basalts, B:233-235
photomicrograph, A:346
Formation C, basaltic basement, A:325-326
Formation D, basaltic basement, A:325-326
Formation E, basaltic basement, A:325-326
Formation F, basaltic basement, A:325-326
Formation G
basaltic basement, A:325-326
basalts, B:233-235
photograph, A:329
Formation H
basaltic basement, A:325-326
basalts, B:233-235
photograph, A:329
Formation I, basaltic basement, A:325-326
Formation J, basaltic basement, A:325-326
Formation K, basaltic basement, A:325-326
Formation L
basaltic basement, A:325-326
basalts, B:233-235
Formation MicroScanner imagery, vs. depth, A:195; B:194-197, 199, 223
fractal analysis, glass shard morphology, A:177-178
fractures, basalts, B:227-232
framboids, lithologic units, A:365
Galapagos hot spotformation, A:160
oceanic plateaus, A:9-10, 293-295
paleolatitude, B:170
Galapagos Spreading Center, volcanism, A:184
gamma ray-density logs, A:114-119
gamma ray-density-porosity logs
Site 999, A:214-220
Site 1000, A:284-286
Site 1001, A:352-354
gamma ray-resistivity-sonic logs
Site 998, A:120-125
Site 999, A:221-227
Site 1000, A:286-289
Site 1001, A:355-357
gamma-ray logs
Site 999, A:190, 192-194, 211-213
vs. depth, A:92-95, 104, 109-113, 272-273, 338-339; B:195, 199
gamma-ray spectra, Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:186
gamma rays
sediments, A:187
vs. depth, A:87, 89, 185, 187, 266, 268, 381, 332-333, 336
gases, headspace, concentration, A:370
gateways. See sea gateways
Gatun Formation, volcanic provenance, A:184
general circulation models, sea gateways, B:267-269
geochemical logs
Site 999, A:228-230
vs. depth, A:93-94, 104, 126-130, 194, 273, 336, 339
geochemistry
ash deposits, A:103
pore water, A:396-398; B:287-298
sediments, A:394, 396
volcanic ash falls, A:81-82
geochemistry, inorganic
Site 998, A:73-79
Site 999, A:165-174
Site 1000, A:258-263
Site 1001, A:316-323, 348
Site 1002, A:369-370
volcanic ash, A:202
geochemistry, organic
Site 998, A:71-73
Site 999, A:163-165
Site 1000, A:254-258
Site 1001, A:315-316
Site 1002, A:369
geochronology
igneous basement, B:233-236
volcanism, B:299-314
See also age; dating; radiometric ages
geological high-sensitivity magnetic tool, magnetic induction, A:94-95, 273-274, 340-341
geomagnetic polarity time scale, volcanic ash, A:385
geomagnetism, secular variations, B:151, 158
glacial/interglacial cycles
carbonate dissolution, B:266
magnetic polarity, B:144
sediments, B:96, 243-245
glaciation
carbon isotopes vs. oxygen isotopes, B:281
lithologic units, A:368; B:87-89, 92-98, 243-245
sedimentation, A:385
See also ice sheets; last glacial maximum
glass. See volcanic glass
glomeroporphyritic textures. See textures, glomeroporphyritic
grabens, reflectors, A:295
grain size
coarse fraction, B:257-258
compaction, B:186
mixed sediments, B:180
volcanic ash, B:101-113
vs. age, B:259
See also crystal size
gravity flow deposits, lithologic units, A:242
Greater Antilles/Cayman volcanic arc, dispersed ash source, B:121
Greater Antilles arc, volcanism, A:389
Guatemala
Chalatenango Formation, A:85
tephra source areas, B:105
volcanic provenance, A:183-184
volcanism, A:386
Gulf of Mexico, Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:7
Guyana Current, circulation, B:86
gypsum, photograph, A:329
Hess Escarpmentacoustic basement, A:133
geology, B:151
microcrystalline carbonates, B:227-232
Miocene/late Miocene carbonate crash, A:382
pelagic sedimentation, A:378-379
sediments, A:194
seismic stratigraphy, A:293-295
site description, A:291-357
hiatuses
Neogene, B:29
preconsolidation, B:179-181
seismic facies, B:211
See also erosional events; unconformities
Hispaniola, volcanism, A:86
Holocene, lithologic units, A:237-238, 363
Honduras
Chalatenango Formation, A:85
volcanism, A:387
HPC acoustic Unit 3, acoustic basement, A:135
hyaloclastite
basement, A:392-393
lithologic units, A:308
photograph, A:327-328
hydrocarbon zone, vs. depth, A:259
hydrocarbons, carbonate reactions, B:292
hydrocarbons, liquid, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, A:256-257
hydrocarbons, volatile
chromatograms, A:256
chromatograms vs. time, B:293
sediments, A:73, 164-165, 256, 258, 316, 369
hydrogen/(silicon + calcium) ratio logs, vs. depth, A:193
hydrography
basins, B:86
temperature, B:239-240
hydrolysis, basaltic glass, B:294
hydrothermal alteration
paragenesis, B:228-230
See also alteration; diagenesis
ice sheetscarbon isotopes vs. oxygen isotopes, B:281
See also glaciation
igneous activity, A:85
igneous petrology
Site 998, A:79-86
Site 999, A:174-184
Site 1000, A:263-264
Site 1001, A:323-330
igneous provinces, large, oceanic plateaus, A:9-10
igneous rocks
basement, A:391-393
geochronology, B:233-236
See also igneous provinces, large
ignimbrite
igneous activity, A:85; B:309
Miocene explosive volcanism, B:311
tephra source areas, B:105
volcanic ash falls, A:80
volcanism, A:387
impact craters
Beloc Formation, A:7
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:393-394
See also bolides; Chicxulub impact crater
inclusions, micrite, B:128, 130
inclusions, micritic, photograph, B:134
inclusions, sparitic, photograph, B:134
index properties, sediments, A:87-88, 90, 186, 189, 267, 26, 333-335
induration
coarse fraction, B:257-258
lithologic units, A:297-302
insoluble residues, vs. specific surface, B:186
intersertal textures. See textures, intersertal
Intertropical Convergence Zone, circulation, A:9; B:86
iridium, impact craters, A:7
iron
pore water, A:166, 259, 317, 319; B:288
pyrite, A:183
redox, A:257
seawater reactions with basement, B:294
vs. depth, A:74, 166, 257; B:289
iron/(silicon + calcium) ratio logs, vs. depth, A:93, 104, 193
iron/titanium ratio, pore water, B:288
iron logs, vs. depth, B:196-197
iron oxide
basalts, A:329
reductive diagenesis, A:252
vs. depth, A:172
vs. silica, A:84
iron oxide logs, vs. depth, B:195
isothermal remanent magnetization. See remanent magnetization, anhysteretic; remanent magnetization, saturation isothermal
Jamaica, volcanism, A:86kerogen, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, A:256-257
ketones
laminations, B:243
vs. age, B:244
Kogi Rise
acoustic basement, A:133-135
depth to volcanic basement, B:219-224
Miocene/late Miocene carbonate crash, A:382
pelagic sedimentation, A:378-379
sedimentation rates, B:257
sediments, A:194-207
site description, A:131-230
La Luna Formation, lithofacies, B:131-139La Luna-Querecual Formation, anoxic deposits, B:125-140
laminations
bundles, B:135
compaction, B:183
compilation, A:367
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151-152
lithologic units, A:59, 147, 150, 302, 363-368; B:87
photograph, A:148, 325; B:190
photomicrograph, B:188-189
See also cross laminations
lapilli, basement, A:392-393
lapilli, basaltic, photograph, A:306
large igneous provinces. See igneous provinces, large
last glacial maximum
carbonate dissolution, B:266
lithologic units, B:87-89, 92-98
ocean circulation, B:255
late Paleocene thermal maximum
claystone, A:206
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151
downhole measurements, B:195
downhole physical properties, A:381
mass accumulation rates, A:379
paleoceanography, A:380-381; B:70
well-logging data, B:191-203
lava flows, basalts, A:326-327, 329
lava flows, basaltic, acoustic basement, A:133
Layer A, limestone, A:346
Layer B, limestone, A:346-347
Layer C, claystone, A:347
Layer D, claystone, A:347
Lesser Antilles, carbonate dissolution index, B:266
Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, tephra source areas, B:105
limestone
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:204-206, 394
lithologic units, A:150
photograph, A:329, 346
limestone/basalt contact, age, A:313
limestone, calcareous
lithologic units, A:58-60, 146-148, 150, 243-245, 304-306, 342
photograph, A:306-307
limestone, clayey, photograph, A:346
limestone, clayey calcareous
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151-152
lithologic units, A:146-147
limestone, foraminifer, lithologic units, A:59-60
limestone, marly, lithofacies, B:131
limestone, nannofossil micritic, lithologic units, A:243-248
Limon Basin, volcanic provenance, A:184
lithification, lithologic units, A:238-239, 243
lithification front, vs. depth, A:259
lithium
pore water, A:75, 168, 260-261
vs. depth, A:76, 168, 261
lithofacies
age, B:151
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151
marl, B:131
lithologic units
Site 998, A:53-60
Site 999, A:138-151
Site 1000, A:237-245
Site 1001, A:296-309
Site 1002, A:363-368
Unit I, A:53-54, 138, 142-143, 237-239, 241-243, 296-300, 363-368
Unit II, A:54-56, 143-145, 243-245, 300-303
Unit III, A:56, 58-59, 145-146, 303-308
Unit IV, A:59-60, 146-148
Unit V, A:148, 150
Unit VI, A:150-151
lithology
relation to color reflectance, A:60-61
synthetic seismograms, B:205-217
lithosphere, plateaus, B:235
lithostratigraphy
correlation with seismic stratigraphy, A:202-204
Site 998, A:52-62
Site 999, A:138-152; B:277
Site 1000, A:236-248; B:277
Site 1001, A:296-309
Site 1002, A:362-368
Loop Current. See Caribbean/Loop Current system
Los Chocoyos eruption, volcanic provenance, A:183
lysocline
lithologic units, B:201
Miocene/late Miocene interval, A:381-384
See also carbonate compensation depth
Maastrichtiangeology, B:151
limestone, A:346
lithologic units, A:150-152, 308
pelagic sedimentation, A:378; B:308
planktonic foraminifers, A:158
sedimentation rates, A:162
Magdalena Fan
carbonate content, A:152
deposition, A:207
pelagic sedimentation, A:380
sediments, A:194
magnesium
carbonate reactions, B:291
pore water, A:74, 167, 260, 319, 396-398
seawater reactions with basement, B:293-294
vs. depth, A:75, 167, 260; B:292, 294-295, 372
magnesium oxide
basalts, A:329
volcanic ash, A:180
volcanic ash falls, A:82
vs. titanium oxide, B:235
magnetic declination
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, B:145
vs. depth, B:145
magnetic inclination
basalts, B:157
biases, B:167-169
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, B:145
demagnetization, A:159-160
paleolatitude, B:159-163
principal component analysis of discrete samples, B:158
vs. depth, A:68, 159-161, 314-315, 369; B:145-146, 169
magnetic induction
geological high-sensitivity magnetic tool, A:94-95, 273-274, 340-341
vs. depth, A:274, 341-342
magnetic induction, total, vs. depth, A:95-96
magnetic intensity
vs. depth, A:69, 159, 252, 314, 369; B:163
magnetic polarity
age, B:144
depths of chron boundaries, A:161
magnetic reversals, boundary depths and ages, A:69
magnetic susceptibility
comparison of Sites 998 and 999, A:248
correlation with calcium carbonate, A:382
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, B:145
high-sensitivity tools, A:94-95
relation to lithology, A:60-61
sediments, A:185, 267
vs. age, A:58, 144-145, 382, 384
vs. carbonate content, A:61, 252
vs. depth, A:69, 87, 95-96, 149, 185, 187, 240, 243, 252, 266, 272, 274, 303, 306, 314, 332, 334, 338, 341-342, 369, 372-373; B:145, 147, 196-197, 200-201
magnetostratigraphy
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, B:145
magnetic polarity, A:160-161
synthesis, A:68-69
vs. age, B:256
major elements
sediments, A:77, 170, 262, 321
volcanic ash, A:84, 181, 324
major oxides
basalts, A:326, 329
volcanic ash, A:179-182, 183
volcanic ash fall layers, A:266
vs. depth, A:330
vs. silica, A:183
manganese
pore water, A:167, 259, 319; B:288
redox, A:257
vs. depth, A:74, 166, 257, 319; B:294
manganese/titanium ratio, pore water, B:288
Margarita Island, basins, B:86
Maria Tecun welded ash flow tuffs, volcanic provenance, A:183
marine isotope Stages 1-6, planktonic foraminifers, B:91
marine isotope Stage 2, planktonic foraminifers, B:92
marine isotope Stages 2-4, planktonic foraminifers, B:88
marine isotope Stage 3, planktonic foraminifers, B:89, 244
marine isotope Stage 4, planktonic foraminifers, B:89
marine isotope Stage 5, planktonic foraminifers, B:88-89, 92-94, 244
marine isotope Stage 6, planktonic foraminifers, B:88-89, 92-94
marine isotope Stage 12, planktonic foraminifers, B:88
marine isotope Stages 14/13 boundary, planktonic foraminifers, B:88
marl, lithofacies, B:131
mass accumulation rates
aragonite, B:261-262
bulk sediments, B:254-255, 270-272
carbonate component vs. age, B:120, 261
carbonate and noncarbonate fractions, A:162; B:118-123
dispersed ash vs. age, B:120-122
interpolated ages, A:72, 162, 255, 317
Miocene volcanic ash, B:111, 113
pelagic sedimentation, A:377-380
sediments, B:22-23
Site 998, A:69-71
Site 999, A:161-163
Site 1000, A:252-254, 275
Site 1001, A:315
tephra layers, B:301
terrigenous component vs. age, B:120-121
vs. age, A:71, 163, 253-254, 318, 383
vs. depth, A:71-72, 162-163, 253, 317, 379-380
See also sedimentation rates
mass accumulation rates, carbonate
sediments, B:259-261
vs. age, B:250
mass extinctions, Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:7
Mediterranean Outflow Water, ocean circulation, B:255
megabanks. See carbonate platforms
megabanks, foundered, reflectors, A:234-236
methane
carbonate reactions, B:292
sediments, A:73, 164-165, 256, 316, 369
vs. core number, A:370
Mexico, volcanism, A:386
Mexico S, tephra source areas, B:105
micrite
beige layers, B:132-133
compaction, B:181-183
inclusions, B:128, 130
lithologic units, A:238-242
microbial origin, B:227-232
seismic units, B:210
micrite, layered, photograph, B:136
microbial activity
cements, B:227-232
organic matter, B:288-291
microfossils
photomicrograph, B:188-189
preconsolidation, B:181-183
microstylolites, mixed sediments, B:177-190
Middle America Trench
plate boundaries, A:184
volcanism, A:386
Middle American Arc, tectonics, A:85
Milankovitch cycles
indicators, B:246
lithologic units, A:305, 308
Mimbral sequence, Mexico, A:7
minerals, downcore variations, A:241, 303
Miocene
acoustic basement, A:133-135
biostratigraphy, A:64-66; B:13-14
calcareous nannofossils, A:152-153, 249-250
lithologic units, A:54-56, 58-59, 138, 142-146, 237-239, 241-248, 297-300
pelagic sedimentation, A:378-379
planktonic foraminifers, A:155-156, 250-251
sea gateways, B:254
tectonics, A:103
volcanic ash, A:174; B:101-113
volcanic ash falls, A:80
volcaniclastics, A:83-86
volcanism, A:386-388; B:309-310
See also Eocene/Miocene boundary; Eocene/Miocene unconformity; Oligocene/Miocene boundary
Miocene/middle Eocene sequence, unconformities, A:304
Miocene, lower-middle, paleoceanography, B:275-283
Miocene, middle-upper, tectonics, B:252
Miocene, middle-upper carbonate crash
mass accumulation rates, A:247, 249-250, 275, 379, 383
paleoceanography, A:381-384; B:249-273
sediment composition, A:172
tectonics, A:206-207
Miocene volcanic episode, paleogeography, A:387
Misteriosa Bank, seismic stratigraphy, A:50-51
Mono Rise
acoustic basement, A:134
sediments, A:194
Monterey Excursion, carbon isotopes, B:280-281
Monterey Formation, carbon isotopes vs. oxygen isotopes, B:281
Morti tuffs, volcanic provenance, A:184
Motagua Fault, volcanism, A:184
mottling, Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:151-152
nannofossilsbiostratigraphic datums, A:63, 153, 249, 310; B:256
lithologic units, A:53, 138, 142, 145-148, 238-239, 241, 363-368; B:87
photograph, A:144
radiometric ages, B:305-306
nannofossils, calcareous, biostratigraphy, A:62-64, 152-154, 248-250, 309-311, 368; B:3-17
Napipi Formation, volcanic provenance, A:184
Nazca Plate, volcanism, A:184
Neogene
biostratigraphy, A:62-65, 342; B:3-17, 19-56
calcareous nannofossils, A:309-310
Caribbean Current, A:9
mass accumulation rates, A:69-71
pelagic sedimentation, A:378-380
planktonic foraminifers, A:311-312
Neogene/Paleogene boundary, unconformities, A:342
Nicaragua
Chalatenango Formation, A:85
volcanism, A:387
Nicaraguan Rise
bathymetry, B:253
geochronology of igneous basement, B:233-236
ocean circulation, A:9; B:253
paleoceanography, B:275-283
pelagic sedimentation, A:378
plate tectonics, B:252
seismic facies, B:212
seismic stratigraphy, A:293-295
volcanism, A:86
Nicaraguan Rise N
carbonate dissolution index, B:266
geology, B:151, 267-268
site description, A:231-289
Nicaraguan Rise S
Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, A:395
site description, A:291-357
nickel
volcanic ash falls, A:82
vs. sulfur, B:290-291
niobium
sediments, A:174
volcanic ash, A:180, 183
vs. noncarbonate fractions, A:174
vs. yttrium, A:183
vs. zirconium, A:393
See also yttrium + niobium; yttrium/niobium ratio; zirconium/niobium ratio
nitrogen, total, sediments, A:72, 163-164, 254-256, 316, 318
noncarbonate component
chromium, A:261
distribution, A:262-263, 275
mass accumulation rates, A:247, 379-380
Miocene/late Miocene carbonate crash, A:383
provenance, A:322
vs. rubidium, A:323
vs. titanium, A:323
vs. zinc, A:323
vs. zirconium, A:323
North Atlantic Deep Water
ocean circulation, A:9, 62; B:264-265, 267-272
production vs. carbonate composite dissolution index, B:266