REFERENCES

Aguirre, E., and Pasini, G., 1985. The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Episodes, 8:11-120.

Aubry, M.-P., 1984. Handbook of Cenozoic Calcareous Nannoplankton (Book 1): Ortholithae (Discoasters): New York (Micropaleontology Press).

————, 1988. Handbook of Calcareous Nannoplankton (Book 2): Ortholithae (Catinasters, Ceratoliths, Rhabdoliths): New York (Micropaleontology Press).

————, 1989. Handbook of Cenozoic Calcareous Nannoplankton (Book 3): Ortholithae (Pentaliths and Others). Heliolithae (Fasciculiths, Sphenoliths, and Others): New York (Micropaleontology Press).

————, 1990. Handbook of Cenozoic Calcareous Nannoplankton (Book 4): Heliolithae (Helicoliths, Cribriliths, Lopadoliths, and Others): New York (Micropaleontology Press).

Backman, J., and Pestiaux, P., 1987. Pliocene Discoaster abundance variations, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 606: biochronology and paleoenvironmental implications. In Ruddiman, W.F., Kidd, R.B., Thomas, E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 94 (Pt. 2): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 903-910.

Backman, J., and Raffi, I., 1997. Calibration of Miocene nannofossil events to orbitally tuned cyclostratigraphies from Ceara Rise. In Shackleton, N.J., Curry, W.B., Richter, C., and Bralower, T.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 154: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 83-99. [PDF version]

Backman, J., and Shackleton, N.J., 1983. Quantitative biochronology of Pliocene and early Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. Mar. Micropaleontol., 8:141-170.

Bassinot, F.C., Labeyrie, L.D., Vincent, E., Quidelleur, X., Shackleton, N.J., and Lancelot, Y., 1994. The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 126:91-108.

Benson, R.H., and Hodell, D.A., 1994. Comment on "A critical re-evaluation of the Miocene/Pliocene boundary as defined in the Mediterranean" by F.J. Hilgen and C.G. Langereis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 124:245-250.

Benson, R.H., and Rakic-El Bied, K., 1996. The Bou Regreg Section, Morocco: proposed Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point of the Pliocene. Notes Mem. Ser. Geol. Maroc, 383:51-150.

Benson, R.H., Rakic-El Bied, K., Bonaduce, G., Hoddel, D.A., Berggren, W.A., Aubry, M.-P., Napoleone, G., and Kent, D.V., 1991. A proposal for the Pliocene global boundary stratotype section and point: Bou Regreg section, Morocco. IX Congr. Reg. Comm. Medit. Neog. Stratigr. Barcelona, 57.

Berggren, W.A., Hilgen, F.J., Langereis, C.G., Kent, D.V., Obradovich, J.D., Raffi, I., Raymo, M.E., and Shackleton, N.J., 1995. Late Neogene chronology: new perspectives in high-resolution stratigraphy. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 107:1272-1287.

Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Swisher, C.C., III, and Aubry, M.-P., 1995. A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., Aubry, M.-P., and Hardenbol, J. (Eds.), Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. Spec. Publ.—Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. (Soc. Sediment. Geol.), 54:129-212.

Berggren, W.A., Kent, D.V., and Van Couvering, J.A., 1985. The Neogene, Part 2. Neogene geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In Snelling, N.J. (Ed.), The Chronology of the Geological Record. Geol. Soc. London Mem., 10:211-260.

Berggren, W.A., and van Couvering, J.A., 1974. The Late Neogene: biostratigraphy, geochronology and paleoclimatology of the last 15 million years in marine and continental sequences. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol,. Palaeoecol., 16:1-216.

Bleil, U., 1985. The magnetostratigraphy of northwest Pacific sediments, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 86. In Heath, G.R., Burckle, L.H., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 86: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 441-458.

Bonci, M.C., and Pirini Radrizzani, C., 1992. Presence of small Ghephyrocapsae in late Miocene diatomaceous leves. (S. Agata Fossili Formation, Serravalle Scrivia, Alessandria, Italy). Mem. Sci. Geol., 43:351-355.

Bralower, T.J., Monechi, S., and Thierstein, H.R., 1989. Calcareous nannofossil zonation of the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary interval and correlation with the geomagnetic polarity timescale. Mar. Micropaleontol., 14:153-235.

Bukry, D., 1973. Low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation. In Edgar, N.T., Saunders, J.B., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 15: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 685-703.

————, 1975a. Coccolith and silicoflagellate stratigraphy, northwestern Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 32. In Larson, R.L., Moberly, R., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 32: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 677-701.

————, 1975b. New Miocene to Holocene stages in the ocean basins based on calcareous nannoplankton zones. In Kulm, L.D., von Huene, R., et al. (Eds.), Late Neogene Epoch Boundaries: New York (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Micropaleontology Press), 162-166.

————, 1981. Pacific coast coccolith stratigraphy between Point Conception and Cabo Corrientes, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 63. In Yeats, R.S., Haq, B.U., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 63: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 445-471.

————, 1991. Paleoecological transect of western Pacific Ocean late Pliocene coccolith flora, Part I. Tropical Ontong-Java Plateau at ODP 806B. Open-File Rep.—U.S. Geol. Surv., 91-552:1-35.

Bukry, D., and Percival, S.F., 1971. New Tertiary calcareous nannofossils. Tulane Stud. Geol. Paleontol., 8:123-146.

Cande, S.C., and Kent, D.V., 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. J. Geophys. Res., 100:6093-6095.

Castradori, D., Rio, D., Hilgen, F.J., and Lourens, L., 1998. The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene). Episodes, 21:88-93.

Channell, J.E.T., Rio, D., Sprovieri, R., and Glaçon, G., 1990. Biomagnetostratigraphic correlations from Leg 107 in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In Kastens, K.A., Mascle, J., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 107: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 669-682.

Channell, J.E.T., Rio, D., and Thunell, R.C., 1988. Miocene/Pliocene boundary magnetostratigraphy at Capo Spartivento, Calabria, Italy. Geology, 16:1096-1099.

Chepstow-Lusty, A., Backman, J., and Shackleton, N.J., 1989. Comparison of upper Pliocene Discoaster abundance variations from North Atlantic Sites 552, 607, 658, 659 and 662: further evidence for marine plankton responding to orbital forcing. In Ruddiman, W.F., Sarnthein, M., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 108: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 121-141.

————, 1991. Palaeoclimatic control of upper Pliocene Discoaster assemblages in the North Atlantic. J. Micropaleontol., 9:133-143.

Chepstow-Lusty, A., and Chapman, M., 1995. The decline and extinction of Upper Pliocene Discoasters: a comparison of two equatorial Pacific Ocean records. J. Nannopl. Res., 17:15-19.

Chepstow-Lusty, A., Shackleton, N.J., and Backman, J., 1992. Upper Pliocene Discoaster abundance from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans: the significance of productivity pressure at low latitudes. Mem. Sci. Geol., 44:357-373.

Driever, B.W.M., 1981. A quantitative study of Pilocene associations of Discoaster from the Mediterranean. Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet., Ser. B: Paleontol., Geol., Phys., Chem., 84:437-455.

————, 1988. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Mediterranean Pliocene. Utrecht Micropalaeontol. Bull., 36:1-245.

Ellis, C.H., 1979. Neogene Nannoplankton in Eastern Mediterranean. Ann. Geol. Pays Hell., 1:391-401.

Ellis, H.C., 1982. Calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy—Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 60. In Hussong, D.M., Uyeda, S., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 60: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 507-535.

Ericson, D.B., Ewing, M., and Wollin, G., 1963. Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the deep-sea sediments. Science, 139:727-737.

Fornaciari, E., Backman, J., and Rio, D., 1993. Quantitative distribution patterns of selected lower to middle Miocene calcareous nannofossils from the Ontong Java Plateau. In Berger, W.H., Kroenke, L.W., Mayer, L.A., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 130: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 245-256.

Fornaciari, E., Di Stefano, A., Rio, D., and Negri, A., 1996. Middle Miocene quantitative calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy in the Mediterranean region. Micropaleontology, 42:37-63.

Fornaciari, E., Raffi, I., Rio, D., Villa, G., Backman, J., and Olafsson, G., 1990. Quantitative distribution patterns of Oligocene and Miocene calcareous nannofossils from the western equatorial Indian Ocean. In Duncan, R.A., Backman, J., Peterson, L.C., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 115: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 237-254.

Gartner, S., 1977. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and revised zonation of the Pleistocene. Mar. Micropaleontol., 2:1-25.

————, 1992. Miocene nannofossil chronology in the North Atlantic, DSDP Site 608. Mar. Micropaleontol., 18:307-331.

Gartner, S., and Bukry, D., 1975. Morphology and phylogeny of the coccolithophycean family Ceratolithaceae. J. Res. U.S. Geol. Surv., 3:451-465.

Gartner, S., Chen, M.P., and Stanton, R.J., 1984. Late Neogene biostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico, and adjacent areas. Mar. Micropaleontol., 8:17-50.

Gartner, S., and Chow, J., 1985. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 85, eastern equatorial Pacific. In Mayer, L., Theyer, F., Thomas, E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 85: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 609-619.

Gradstein, F.M., Agterberg, F.P., Brower, J.C., and Schwarzacher, W.S., 1985. Quantitative Stratigraphy: Dordrecht (Reidel).

Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., and Vail, P.R., 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science, 235:1156-1167.

Haq, B.U., and Van Eysinga, F., 1986. Geological Timetable: Amsterdam (Elsevier).

Hay, W.W., Mohler, H.P., Roth, P.H., Schmidt, R.R., and Boudreaux, J.E., 1967. Calcareous nannoplankton zonation of the Cenozoic of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean-Antillean area and transoceanic correlation. Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc., 17:428-480.

Hilgen, F.J., and Langereis, C.G., 1988. The age of the Miocene-Pliocene boundary in the Capo Rossello area (Sicily). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 91:214-222.

Hills, S.J., and Thierstein, H.R., 1989. Plio-Pleistocene calcareous plankton biochronology. Mar. Micropaleontol., 14:67-96.

Hodell, D.A., Benson, R.H., Kent, D.V., Boersma, A., and Rakic-El Bied, K., 1994. Magnetostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, and stable isotope stratigraphy of an Upper Miocene drill core from the Salé Briqueterie (northwestern Morocco): a high-resolution chronology for the Messinian stage. Paleoceanography, 9:835-855.

Loeblich, A.R., Jr., and Tappan, H., 1966. Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton, I. Phycologia, 5:81-216.

————, 1968. Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton, II. J. Paleontol., 42:584-598.

————, 1969. Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton, III. J. Paleontol., 43:568-588.

————, 1970a. Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton, IV. J. Paleontol., 44:558-574.

————, 1970b. Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton, V. Phycologia, 9:157-174.

————, 1971. Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton, VI. Phycologia, 10:315-339.

————, 1973. Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton, VII. J. Paleontol., 47:715-759.

Lourens, L.J., Antonarakou, A., Hilgen, F.J., Van Hoof, A.A.M., Vergnaud-Grazzini, C., and Zachariasse, W.J., 1996. Evaluation of the Plio-Pleistocene astronomical timescale. Paleoceanography, 11:391-413.

Lyle, M., Koizumi, I., Richter, C., et al., 1997. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 167: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program). [HTML version]

Martini, E., 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In Farinacci, A. (Ed.), Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Planktonic Microfossils Roma: Rome (Ed. Tecnosci.), 2:739-785.

Matsuoka, H., and Okada, H., 1989. Quantitative analysis of Quaternary nannoplankton in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol., 14:97-118.

Monechi, S., 1985. Campanian to Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy from the northwest Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 86. In Heath, G.R., Burckle, L.H., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 86: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 301-336.

Müller, C., 1978. Neogene calcareous nannofossils from the Mediterranean—Leg 42A of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. In Hsü, K.J., Montadert, L., et al., Init. Repts DSDP, 42 (Pt. 1): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 727-751.

Muza, J.P., Wise, S.W., Jr., and Mitchener Covington, J., 1987. Neogene calcareous nannofossils from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 603, Lower Continental Rise, western North Atlantic: biostratigraphy and correlations with magnetic and seismic stratigraphy. In van Hinte, J.E., Wise, S.W., Jr., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 93 (Pt. 2): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 593-616.

Okada, H., and Bukry, D., 1980. Supplementary modification and introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973; 1975). Mar. Micropaleontol., 5:321-325.

Olafsson, G., 1989. Quantitative calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of upper Oligocene to middle Miocene sediment from ODP Hole 667A and middle Miocene sediment from DSDP Site 574. In Ruddiman, W., Sarnthein, M., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 108: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 9-22.

————, 1991. Quantitative calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and biochronology of early through late Miocene sediments from DSDP Hole 608. Medd. Stockholm Univ. Inst. Geol. Geochem., 285.

Perch-Nielsen, K., 1985. Cenozoic calcareous nannofossils. In Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B., and Perch-Nielsen, K. (Eds.), Plankton Stratigraphy: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press), 427-554.

Pujos, A., 1987. Late Eocene to Pleistocene medium-sized and small-sized "reticulofenestrids." Proc. INA Vienna Meeting 1985, Abh. Geol. Bundesanst. (Austria), 39:239-277.

Raffi, I., Backman, J., and Rio, D., 1998. Evolutionary trends of calcareous nannofossils in the Late Neogene. Mar. Micropaleontol., 35:17-41.

Raffi, I., Backman, J., Rio, D., and Shackleton, N.J., 1993. Plio-Pleistocene nannofossil biostratigraphy and calibration to oxygen isotopes stratigraphies from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 607 and Ocean Drilling Program Site 677. Paleoceanography, 8:387-408.

Raffi, I., and Flores, J.-A., 1995. Pleistocene through Miocene calcareous nannofossils from eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 233-286.

Raffi, I., and Rio, D., 1979. Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of DSDP Site 132—Leg 13 (Tyrrhenian Sea-Western Mediterranean). Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr., 85:127-172.

Raffi, I., Rio, D., d'Atri, A., Fornaciari, E., and Rocchetti, S., 1995. Quantitative distribution patterns and biomagnetostratigraphy of middle and late Miocene calcareous nannofossils from equatorial Indian and Pacific oceans (Leg 115, 130, and 138). n Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 479-502.

Rio, D., 1982. The fossil distribution of coccolithophore genus Gephyrocapsa Kamptner and related Plio-Pleistocene chronostratigraphic problems. In Prell, W.L., Gardner, J.V., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 68: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 325-343.

Rio, D., Cita, M.B., Iaccarino, S., Gelati, R., and Gnaccolini, M., 1997. Langhian, Serravallian, and Tortonian historical stratotypes. In Montanari, A., Odin, G.S., and Coccioni, R. (Eds), Miocene Stratigraphy: An Integrated Approach: Amsterdam (Elsevier), 57-87.

Rio, D., Fornaciari, E., and Raffi, I., 1990. Late Oligocene through early Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils from western equatorial Indian Ocean (Leg 115). In Duncan, R.A., Backman, J., Peterson, L.C., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 115: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 175-235.

Rio, D., Raffi, I., Backman, J., 1997. Calcareous nannofossil biochronology and the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary: the Neogene/Quaternary boundary. In Van Couvering, J.A. (Ed.), The Pleistocene Boundary and the Beginning of the Quaternary: Final Report of the International Geological Correlation Program-Project 41, Neogene-Quaternary Boundary: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press), 63-78.

Rio, D., Raffi, I., and Villa, G., 1990. Pliocene Pleistocene calcareous nannofossil distribution patterns in the Western Mediterranean. In Kastens, K.A., Mascle, J., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 107: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 513-533.

Rio, D., Sprovieri, R., Castradori, D., and Di Stefano, E., 1998. The Gelasian Stage (upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale. Episodes, 21:82-87.

Rio, D., Sprovieri, R., and Thunell, R., 1991. Pliocene-lower Pleistocene chronostratigraphy: a re-evaluation of Mediterranean type sections. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103:1049-1058.

Ruggieri, G., Rio, D., and Sprovieri, R., 1984. Remarks on the chronostratigraphic classification of Lower Pleistocene. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 103:251-259.

Ruggieri, G., and Sprovieri, R., 1977. Ricerche sul Siciliano di Palermo: Le argille del fiume Oreto. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 94:1613-1622.

————, 1979. Selinuntiano, nuovo superpiano per il Pleistocene inferiore. Boll. Soc. Paleont. Ital., 96:797-802.

Schneider, D.A., Backman, J., Chaisson, W.P., and Raffi, I., 1997. Miocene calibration for calcareous nannofossils from low-latitude Ocean Drilling Program sites and the Jamaican conundrum. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109:1073-1079.

Shackleton, N.J., Baldauf, J.G., Flores, J.-A., Iwai, M., Moore, T.C., Jr., Raffi, I., and Vincent, E., 1995. Biostratigraphic summary for Leg 138. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 517-536.

Suc, J.-P., Clauzon, G., and Gautier, F., 1997. The Miocene/Pliocene boundary: present and future. In Montanari, A., Odin, G.S., and Coccioni, R. (Eds.), Miocene Stratigraphy: an Integrated Approach: Amsterdam (Elsevier), 149-154.

Takayama, T., 1970. The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary in the Lamont Core V-21-98 and at Le Castella, Southern Italy. J. Mar. Geol., 6:70-77.

————, 1993. Notes on Neogene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Ontong Java Plateau and size variations of Reticulofenestra coccoliths. In Berger, W.H., Kroenke, L.W., Mayer, L.A., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 130: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 179-229.

Takayama, T., and Sato, T., 1987. Coccolith biostratigraphy of the North Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 94. In Ruddiman, W.F., Kidd, R.B., Thomas, E., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 94 (Pt. 2): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 651-702.

Theodoridis, S., 1984. Calcareous nannofossil biozonation of the Miocene and revision of the helicoliths and discoasters. Utrecht Micropaleontol. Bull., 32:1-271.

Thierstein, H.R., Geitzenauer, K., Molfino, B., and Shackleton, N.J., 1977. Global synchroneity of late Quaternary coccolith datum levels: validation by oxygen isotopes. Geology, 5:400-404.

Tiedemann, R., Sarnthein, M., and Shackleton, N.J., 1994. Astronomic timescale for the Pliocene Atlantic 18O and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program Site 659. Paleoceanography, 9:619-638.

Van Couvering, J.A., 1997. Preface: The new Pleistocene. In Van Couvering, J.A. (Ed.), The Pleistocene Boundary and the Beginning of the Quaternary: Final Report of the International Geological Correlation Programme Project 41, Neogene/Quaternary Boundary: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press), xi-xvii.

Van Eysinga, F., 1975. Geological Timetable: Amsterdam (Elsevier).

Wei, W., 1993. Calibration of Upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene nannofossil events with oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Paleoceanography, 8:85-99.

Wise, S.W., Jr., 1973. Calcareous nannofossils from cores recovered during Leg 18, Deep Sea Drilling Project: biostratigraphy and observations of diagenesis. In Kulm, L.D., von Huene, R., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 18: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 569-615.

Zijderveld, J.D.A., Zachariasse, W.J., Verhallen, P.J.J.M., and Hilgen, F.J., 1986. The age of the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. Newsl. Stratigr., 16:169-181.