TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL PREFERENCES

Actinocyclus curvatulus Janisch in A. Schmidt; Schrader, 1973, pl. 19, fig. 2; Barron, 1980, pl. 1, fig. 1; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 9, pl. 2, fig. 8; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 2, figs. 2, 14; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 19 (Pl. P1, fig. 1).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus curvatulus Grunow; Hajós, 1973, pl. 4, figs. 8, 9; Barron, 1980, pl. 3, figs. 7, 11, 12.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan, including diatoms common on arctic sea ice (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) C. curvatulus—oceanic, warm-water (marine, oceanic, neritic, and planktonic) (Hajós, 1973).

Actinocyclus ellipticus var. elongatus (Grunow) Kolbe; Schrader, 1974, pl. 17, figs. 1, 3; Barron, 1980, pl. 1, figs. 3, 6; Barron, 1981, pl. 1, fig. 8; Desikachary et al., 1987, pl. 80, fig. 10 (Pl. P9, figs. 6, 7).

Actinocyclus ingens Rattray; Barron, 1981, pl. 1, fig. 1; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, 5, 7.

Actinocyclus octonarius Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 24, fig. 3; Hajós, 1973, pl. 5, fig. 8 (Pl. P1, figs. 2, 3).

Synonym: Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Ralphs; Schrader, 1973, pl. 19, fig. 1; Barron, 1980, pl. 1, fig. 5; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 7, fig. 3.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) sublittoral species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (3) marine, brackish, neritic, littoral, and planktonic (Hajós, 1973); (4) meroplanktonic spp. (Abrantes, 1988).

Actinocyclus octonarius var. tenella (Brebisson) Hajós; Hajós, 1973, pl. 5, figs. 7, 9 (Pl. P1, fig. 4).

Synonym: Actinocyclus ehrenbergii var tenella Hustedt; Jousé and Kazarina, 1974, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) marine, brackish, planktonic, littoral, and euryhaline (Hajós, 1973).

Actinoptychus senarius (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 23, figs., 1, 2; Hajós, 1973, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 22 (Pl. P1, fig. 5).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan? (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) Stenothermal, warm-water form, indicating a warm to temperate sedimentary environment (marine, neritic, littoral, planktonic, and stenothermal) (Hajós, 1973); (3) meroplanktonic spp. (Abrantes, 1988).

Actinoptychus splendens Ralphs; Hendey, 1964, pl. 22, fig. 1; Schrader, 1973, pl. 22, figs. 1, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16 (Pl. P1, fig. 6).

Asterolampra grevillei (Wallich) Greville; Schrader, 1973, pl. 21, fig. 3; Schrader, 1974, pl. 8, fig. 5; Desikachary, 1987, pl. 339, fig. 4; Desikachary et al., 1987, pl. 87, fig. 2 (Pl. P2, figs. 2, 3).

Asterolampra marylandica Ehrenberg; Schrader, 1973, pl. 21, fig. 2; Jousé and Kazarina, 1974, pl. 4, fig. 4; Barron, 1980, pl. 2, fig. 1; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 2; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 23 (Pl. P4, figs. 1, 2).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water region (e.g., Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, and Gulf of California) (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) Equatorial thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977).

Asteromphalus arachne (Brebisson) Ralfs; Jousé and Kazarina, 1974, pl. 1, fig. 7, pl. 4, fig. 2; Barron, 1980, pl. 2, fig. 2; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 25 (Pl. P3, fig. 3).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen from Simonsen, 1974); (2) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974).

Asteromphalus elegans Greville; Schrader, 1974, pl. 8, fig. 4; Barron, 1980, pl. 2, fig. 11; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 3; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 23 (Pl. P3, figs. 4, 5; Pl. P4, fig. 3).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen from Simonsen, 1974).

Asteromphalus heptactis (de Brébisson) Ralfs in Pritchard; Hendey, 1964, pl. 24, fig. 5; Schrader, 1974, pl. 8, fig. 1, pl. 9, fig. 9; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 24 (Pl. P4, fig. 4).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) temperate (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, from Hendey, 1964); (2) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988).

Asteromphalus sp. A (Pl. P2, fig. 1; Pl. P3, figs. 1, 2).

Remarks: This species is characterized by a nearly circular central hyaline area, taking up from one-half to one-third of the total radius of the valve face. The hyaline rays extend off of the central area in a regular placement. The separating lines between rays, within the central area, are straight. There appears to be a range of forms that relate this new species to Asterolampra grevillei. In A. sp. A, the narrow ray extends into the central area with a base the same width as the other hyaline rays but the central part of this narrow ray pinches and expands to a circular tip. Some examples were noted (Pl. P2, fig. 1; Pl. P3, fig. 2) that possess this narrow ray of A. sp. A, while also having a few rays that do not extend to the center of the hyaline area, as in A. grevillei.

Auliscus sculptus (Smith) Ralfs in Pritchard; Hendey, 1964, pl. 23, fig. 4 (Pl. P14, fig. 3).

Azpeitia africana (Janisch ex Schmidt) Fryxell & Watkins; Fryxell et al., 1986, figs. XXII, XXIII, XXXII-1, -2 (Pl. P4, fig. 5).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus africanus Janisch; Jousé and Kazarina, 1974, pl. 2, fig. 1, pl. 4, fig. 6; Barron, 1980, pl. 3, fig. 5.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "A. africana was found in all Gulf Stream warm core rings we examined, as well as plankton tows from the central Pacific and Gulf of Mexico. It can be classified as a warm-water, planktonic species." (Fryxell et al., 1986); (2) Barron (1980) found A. africana in upper Pliocene to Holocene sediments from the tropical eastern Pacific; (3) Burckle (1978) correlates the first occurrence of "C" africanus with the late early Pliocene; (4) Monjanel and Baldauf (1989) found this species in the North Atlantic and Schrader (1974) in Indian Ocean sediments; (5) Equatorial thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (C. africanus) (Werner, 1977).

Azpeitia neocrenulata (Van Landingham) Fryxell & Watkins; Fryxell et al., 1986, figs. XVI, XXX-2; Desikachary et al., 1987, pl. 107, figs. 1-10 (Pl. P4, fig. 6; Pl. P5, fig. 1).

Synonyms: Actinocyclus divisus (Grunow) Hasle and Fryxell, Baldauf, 1984, pl. 2, fig. 7, pl. 9, fig. 3; Coscinodiscus divisus Grunow; Hasle, 1973, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7; Coscinodiscus crenulatus Grunow, Jousé and Kazarina, 1974, pl. 2, fig. 2; Barron, 1980, pl. 3, figs. 4, 6.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "This species is a warm-water species, having been found in plankton tows from the Gulf of Mexico, the central Pacific, and the Indian Ocean as well as in Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring 81-D and Ring 82-E in the North Atlantic." (Fryxell et al., 1986); (2) C. divisus—oceanic warm-water form; marine, oceanic, neritic, littoral, and planktonic (Hajós, 1973); (3) northboreal thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (A. divisicus) (Werner, 1977); (4) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988), neritic species (Abrantes, 1991); (5) "C. crenulatus is most common in an equatorial band west of 6°W. Numbers also somewhat higher off SW Africa, and along the SE African coast. Nearly absent from the region of depressed sea-surface salinities off the mouths of the Zaire and Niger rivers. Common component of tropical to sub-tropical diatom floras from all oceans." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986);

Azpeitia nodulifer (Schmidt) Fryxell & Sims; Fryxell et al., 1986, figs. XVII, XVIII-1, -2, -4, -5, XXX-3, -4 (Pl. P5, fig. 2).

Basionym: Coscinodiscus nodulifer Schmidt; Hendey, 1964, pl. 22, fig. 10; Jousé and Kazarina, 1974, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, pl. 4, figs. 10-12; Barron, 1980, pl. 4, figs. 1-8, pl. 11, figs. 2-4; Barron, 1981, pl. 2, figs. 1-3; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 3, fig. 16, pl. 8, fig. 6; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 1, figs. 3, 7.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) A. nodulifer has been found in plankton tows from the central Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and the northwest Atlantic Ocean in Gulf Stream warm core rings (Fryxell et al., 1986); (2) warm-water species (Hasle, 1976); (3) tropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (C. nodulifer) (Werner, 1977); (4) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (5) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988, 1991); (6) "The equatorial band (of abundant A. nodulifer) corresponds geographically to the occurrence of the high-velocity Equatorial Undercurrent, which is characterized by high salinity and low nutrient content. Although several cores off southwest Africa also contain C. nodulifer, this species is nearly absent in cores close to shore. C. nodulifer thus appears best adapted to warm-waters of modest productivity and moderate to high salinity - widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters - In the N. Atlantic, C. nodulifer is most common in waters south of 40°N, except near the continents." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lander; Barron, 1980, pl. 2, fig. 10; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 5; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 6, fig. 10; Desikachary, 1988, pl. 461, figs. 1-4 (Pl. P6, figs. 1-3).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) marine and planktonic (Hajós, 1973); (2) neritic species (Abrantes, 1991); (3) common in temperate waters (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Biddulphia alternans (Bailey) van Heurck; Hendey, 1964, pl. 25, fig. 5; Barron, 1980, pl. 10, figs. 11, 12.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) Biddulphia spp.—benthic taxa (Abrantes, 1988, 1991).

Chaetoceros diadema (Ehrenberg) Gran; Hendey, 1964, pl. 10, fig. 1; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 46 (Pl. P6, fig. 4).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) Chaetoceros spp.—meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988).

Chaetoceros lacinosus Schütt; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 43 (Pl. P6, figs. 1, 5, 6).

Synonym: Chaetoceros laciniosum Schütt; Hendey, 1964, pl. 13, fig. 2.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) northern cold-water region to temperate? (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) Chaetoceros spp.—meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988).

Chaetoceros messanensis Castracane; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 45.

Synonym: Chaeoteceros messanense Castracane; Hendey, 1964, pl. 12, fig. 3.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) Chaetoceros spp.—meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988).

Chaetoceros mitra (Bailey) Cleve; Hendey, 1964, pl. 16, fig. 2; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 42 (Pl. P6, fig. 7).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) northern cold-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) Chaetoceros spp.—meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988).

Cocconeis disculoides Hustedt; Hendey, 1964, pl. 28, figs. 21, 22 (Pl. P8, fig. 3).

Synonym: Cocconeis disculus? (Schumann) Cleve; Hustedt, 1985, fig. 799.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) C. disculus—distributed throughout Europe in the bottom mud of freshwater lakes but usually isolated in occurrence. Fairly common in the Baltic Sea area. (Hustedt, 1985); (2) epiphytic (Hajós, 1973); (3) Cocconeis spp.—benthic taxa (Abrantes, 1988, 1991).

Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 22, fig. 2; Schrader, 1973, pl. 20, figs. 7, 10; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 8, figs. 1-3; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 1, fig. 1.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) a wide distribution, according to literature, and may be cosmopolitan with a wide temperature tolerance; (2) northboreal thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (3) oceanic, warm-water form (marine, oceanic, planktonic, and stenohaline) (Hajós, 1973); (4) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp. which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Coscinodiscus nitidus Gregory; Hendey, 1964, pl. 23, fig. 12; Hajós, 1973, pl. 3, fig. 6 (Pl. P5, fig. 3).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) oceanic, warm-water form (marine, oceanic, neritic, littoral, and planktonic) (Hajós, 1973); (2) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp. which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Coscinodiscus oculusiridus Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 24, fig. 1; Barron, 1980, pl. 5, fig. 1.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) marine, oceanic, stenohaline, and planktonic (Hajós, 1973); (2) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988); (3) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp. which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 22, fig. 7; Barron, 1980, pl. 5, figs. 2, 5, 7 (Pl. P5, fig. 4).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) a wide distribution, according to the literature, and may be cosmopolitan with a wide temperature tolerance; (2) subtropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (3) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988, 1991); (4) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp. which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Coscinodiscus reniformis Castracane; Desikachary et al., 1987, pl. 362, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5; Desikachary, 1988, pl. 550, fig. 1 (Pl. P14, fig. 5).

Cymatosira lorenziana Grunow; Hustedt, 1985, fig. 648; Desikachary, 1987, pl. 6, fig. 4 (Pl. P8, fig. 4) (illustrated in Schrader, 1974, pl. 18, fig. 12 as Cussia sp. 1).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "Littoral in the coastal areas of warm oceans; in general, not common" (Hustedt, 1985).

Delphineis surirella (Ehrenberg) Andrews; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 51 (Pl. P8, fig. 1).

Basionym: Raphoneis surirella (Ehrenberg) Grunow; Hendey, 1964, pl. 26, figs. 11-13; Schrader, 1973, pl. 25, figs. 4, 6, 12; Hustedt, 1985, fig. 679

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "cool to temp. seas" (Andrews, 1981); (2) North Sea (Drebs, 1974); (3) Chile (Andrews and Rivera, 1987); (4) distributed on all European coasts, also in harbors and river mouths with brackish water. Very common on the coasts of the southern North Sea to the Atlantic coasts of west Europe, rare in the Mediterranean (Hustedt, 1985); (5) Raph. surirella—marine, benthonic, littoral, rivermouth, epiphytic, and brackish (Hajós, 1973); (6) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988) and neritic species (Abrantes, 1991).

Diploneis bombus (Ehrenberg) Cleve; Hendey, 1964, pl. 32, fig. 2; Hustedt, 1985, fig. 1086.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) distributed and usually common on all ocean coasts (Hustedt, 1985); (2) marine, littoral, and benthic (Hajós, 1973); (3) sublittoral species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (4) Diploneis spp.—benthic taxa (Abrantes, 1988, 1991).

Diploneis crabro Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 32, figs. 1, 3; Hustedt, 1985, figs. 1028-1037.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) distributed and common on most ocean coasts (Hustedt, 1985); (2) Diploneis spp.—benthic taxa (Abrantes, 1988, 1991).

Diploneis subovalis; Hustedt, 1985, fig. 1063.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "One of the most common FW diatoms in tropical brooks and streams, on wet moss, also here and there in the littoral of lakes." (Hustedt, 1985); (2) Diploneis spp.—benthic taxa (Abrantes, 1988, 1991).

Diploneis spp. (Pl. P8, fig. 5).

Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow in Van Heurck; Hendey, 1964, pl. 5, fig. 1; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl 48 (Pl. P7, figs. 2-5)

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan—not recorded from polar regions (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Ethmodiscus rex (Rattray) Hendey; Barron, 1980, pl. 10, figs. 3, 6; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 18.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water to temperate region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) tropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977).

Fragilariopsis doliolus (Wallich) Medlin & Sims; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 69 (Pl. P8, fig. 11).

Basionym: Pseudoeunotia doliolus (Wallich) Grunow Barron, 1980, pl. 6, figs. 1-3, 9; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 5, figs. 5-7; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 5, fig. 9.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) predominantly in the littoral and in coastal plankton of warmer oceans; in the European area is found only in the Mediterranean (Hustedt 1985); (3) subtropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (4) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (5) (P. doliolus) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988, 1991); (6) "This species thrives in the eastern boundary current of the south Atlantic. It is most abundant in the upwelling area off southwest Africa and in the Benguela-South Equatorial Current System. Both regions experience strong upwelling and high levels of primary productivity, although SST differs greatly. P. doliolus evidently thrives in tropical to temperate regimes of high productivity. - in subtropical areas that correspond to the boundary between the pacific subtropical and subarctic gyres, where vertical mixing and high organic production occur, this species is important. In south Atlantic, high numbers of P. doliolus may reflect a seasonal plankton bloom. Maynard (1976) found this species important in her "gyre margin" factor in the south Atlantic. - this species is the dominant diatom of the offshore component of the Benguela and South Equatorial currents and may represent a productivity maximum during austral summer." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow in Van Heurck; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 35 (Pl. P7, figs. 7-9).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) neritic species (Abrantes, 1991); (2) warm-water to temperate region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich; Hendey, 1964, pl. 22, fig. 9; Schrader, 1973, pl. 24, fig. 14; Barron, 1980, pl. 1, figs. 8-10; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 4, fig. 8 (Pl. P5, fig. 7).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) H. cuneiformis is a marine, warm-water species. In sediments, it is most likely warm-temperate, found in the North Pacific (Barron, 1981), the tropical eastern Pacific (Barron, 1980), the North Atlantic (Baldauf, 1984), and the tropical Indian Ocean (Schrader, 1974); (2) warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (3) tropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (4) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (5) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988).

Navicula lyroides Hendey; Hendey, 1964, pl. 33, figs. 3, 4 (Pl. P8, fig. 8).

Nitzschia marina Grunow; Barron, 1980, pl. 6, fig. 16; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 75, figs. e-h; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 4, figs. 1-4, pl. 5, figs, 1, 2; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 5, figs. 1, 4 (Pl. P8, fig. 13).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) tropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (3) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (4) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988, 1991); (5) "This species is most important in two areas: north of the equator (though penetrating southward in the Guinea Basin) and in the extreme south eastern Atlantic and southwestern Indian Oceans. In the southeastern Atlantic, it is generally more prominent in cores farther from land. Our results show no obvious relationship between numbers of N. marina and productivity levels. N of 10°S its range suggests adaptation to warm-waters, particularly north of the equator." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Nitzschia panduriformis Gregory; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 5, fig. 8 (Pl. P8, fig. 7).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988), neritic species (Abrantes, 1991).

Nitzschia reinholdii Kanaya & Koizumi; Barron, 1980, pl. 6, figs. 10, 11; Barron, 1981, pl. 4, fig. 15; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 4, figs. 5-7, pl. 5, fig. 4; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3, 6 (Pl. P8, fig. 12).

Nitzschia sicula var. (Castracane) Hustedt; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 74, pl. 75, figs. a-d (Pl. P8, fig. 10).

Remarks: ecological affinities (1) probably warm-water to temperate region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Odontella aurita (Lyngbye) C.A. Agardh; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 49 (Pl. P7, fig. 1).

Basionym: Biddulphia aurita (Lyngbye) de Brébisson; Hendey, 1964, pl. 24, fig. 6.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan? (Hendey, 1964); (2) arctoboreal thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Biddulphia) (Werner, 1977); (3) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988), neritic species (Abrantes, 1991).

Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve; Hendey, 1964, pl. 23, fig. 5; Hajós, 1973, pl. 1, figs. 20, 21; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 14 (Pl. P9, fig. 2).

Basionym: Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kutzing; Schrader, 1973, pl. 20, fig. 9; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 6, fig. 6.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) P. sulcata is a bottom form but fairly common in coastal plankton, probably cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) sublittoral species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (3) marine, littoral, planktonic, neritic (Hajós, 1973); (4) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988), neritic species (Abrantes, 1991).

Podosira stelliger (Bailey) Mann; Hendey, 1964, pl. 22, fig. 6; Hajós, 1973, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3; Desikachary, 1988, pl. 601, figs. 1-13, pl. 602, figs. 1-11 (Pl. P5, figs. 5, 6).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) Podosira spp.—marine, benthic (Hajós, 1973).

Porosira denticulata Simonsen; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pg. 41 (Pl. P9, fig. 3).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) Indian Ocean, Equatorial Atlantic Ocean (?) (Simonsen, 1974, probably the only records) (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996.

Pseudosolenia calcar-avis (Schultz) Sundström; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 30 (Pl. P7, figs. 10, 11).

Basionym: Rhizosolenia calcar-avis Schultz; Hendey, 1964, pl. 4, fig. 3.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) (R. calcar-avis) pelagic species (Abrantes, 1991); (2) warm-water region, occasionally in temperate waters (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Rhaphoneis amphiceros (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 26, figs. 1-4; Schrader, 1973, pl. 25, figs. 2, 3; Hustedt; 1985, fig. 680; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 52 (Pl. P8, fig. 2).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) probably cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) "Distributed on all European coasts; common; likewise found in harbors and river mouths with brackish water. How much it actually prefers brackish water requires more research" (Hustedt, 1985); (3) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988), neritic species (Abrantes, 1991).

Rhizosolenia curvirostris Jousé; Schrader, 1973, pl. 24, figs. 5, 6, 8, 9; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 10, pl. 2, fig. 6 (Pl. P7, fig. 13).

Roperia tesselata (Roper) Grunow; Hendey, 1964, pl. 22, fig. 3; Schrader, 1973, pl. 19, figs. 3, 4, 8, 9; Barron, 1980, pl. 3, figs. 8, 10, 13; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 6, figs. 5, 8; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 2, fig. 9 (Pl. P9, figs. 4, 5).

Remarks: Two distinct morphologies of this species were observed. One type, illustrated in Plate P9, figure 5 (var. 2), has a wide mantle band in the same plane as the valve face filled with distinctly smaller pores than those of the face in a decussiting pattern. The labiate extensions that mark the edge of the other morphotype (Pl. P9, fig. 4; var. 1) are still present but at the intersection between the larger and smaller pore sizes. The distinct fluting of the edge of the valve (var. 1) opposite the pseudonodulus is not present in var. 2. Both varieties have been grouped into one species for abundance estimates after it was noted that there was consistently no significant difference between the numbers of either in the assemblage.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "R. tesselata is a warm-water, planktonic species in the modern oceans (Hasle 1976). In sediments, this species was recorded by Fenner et al. (1976) from the southern Pacific Ocean, but only in samples north of the Antarctic Convergence. Barron (1980) reports R. tesselata in tropical eastern Pacific sediments. Baldauf (1984) records this species from the North Atlantic Ocean." (Fryxell et al., 1986); (2) subtropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (3) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (4) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988); (5) "This species is most abundant in western waters (between Africa and S. Am) north of 10°S. Its range shows a small W-E tongue extending almost to 0°W near 8°S. The southern tongue is similar to the southern part of the range of A. neocrenulata. R. tesselata is found across a wide range of latitudes in the Atlantic and in other oceans. It appears to be primarily a warm-water form, and was previously described as widespread and common in the equatorial Atlantic. Our results also indicate that it is primarily adapted to waters of moderate productivity." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Stellarima stellaris (Roper) Hasle and Sims; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 19.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) warm-water to temperate region, planktonic (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988).

Stephanopyxis turris (Arnott in Greville) Ralfs in Pritchard; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 6, fig. 10; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 14.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) temperate to warm-water region? (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) stenothermal, warm-water form (marine, neritic, planktonic, stenothermal) (Hajós, 1973); (3) meroplanktonic species (Abrantes, 1988), neritic species (Abrantes, 1991).

Surirella spp. Turpin; Hendey, 1964, pl. 40; Hustedt, 1985, figs. 831-869 (Pl. P8, fig. 6).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) littoral, brackish (Hajós, 1973); (2) Surirella spp.—benthic taxa (Abrantes, 1988, 1991).

Thalassionema nitzschiodes (Grunow) Mereschkowsky; Barron, 1980, pl. 6, figs. 15, 21; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 6, figs. 2, 3; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 57, figs. a, b (Pl. P8, fig. 9).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan, but not in the high arctic and antarctic (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) pelagic in coastal plankton of European oceans, very widely distributed and common; often massive blooms in the northern Atlantic area (Hustedt, 1985); (3) subtropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (4) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (5) marine, neritic, littoral, euryhaline, planktonic (Hajós, 1973); (6) "This species is most abundant in relatively nearshore cores. It dominates the total flora between the Niger delta and ~7°S, just south of the Zaire River mouth. Its abundance decreases consistently with increasing distance from shore, suggesting that this species is adapted to nearshore conditions. It is common in the Peru-Chile current and in the Sea of Japan. In the north Atlantic, it is abundant relatively close to Europe. The abundance pattern bears a striking resemblance to maps of lowered sea surface salinity due to run off from the Niger and Zaire rivers. Zaire outflow is also high in nutrients. T. nitzschiodes is also common in low-salinity shelf areas of the Bering Sea. The dominance of T. nitzschiodes in the eastern equatorial Atlantic appears to reflect the particular salinity-nutrient conditions of river outflow—this species reflects the influx of low salinity run off from the Zaire and Niger rivers." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira anguste-lineata (A. Schmidt) Fryxell & Hasle; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 9 (Pl. P10, figs. 1-3).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986); (2) pelagic species (Abrantes, 1991); (3) cosmopolitan (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Thalassiosira convexa var aspinosa Schrader, 1974, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9, 13a-21; Barron, 1980, pl. 8, fig. 1; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 7, figs. 4, 6, 8, 9; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 5, fig. 10, pl. 7, figs. 6, 9; Barron, 1985, pl. 5, figs. 8, 9; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 2, fig. 5 (Pl. P10, figs. 4, 5).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve; Barron, 1980, pl. 9, fig. 1, pl. 11, fig. 1; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 9, figs. 1, 4; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 2, fig. 7, pl. 4, fig. 3; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 6 (Pl. P11, figs. 1-3).

Synonyms: Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehrenberg; Hendey, 1964, pl. 24, fig. 7; Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehrenberg; Hajós, 1973, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2, 4.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan, exclusive polar regions (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) northboreal thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (3) C. excentricus—frequently occur in river mouths (brackish, plantonic, river mouths) (Hajós, 1973); (4) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988, 1991); (5) "Relative abundances of this species exceed 5% in all cores. Maximum numbers are found in western equatorial waters, along the coast of equatorial Africa and off southwest Africa. With some exceptions, it is less common in the South Equatorial Current and in cores far from land off the southwest African coast. T. eccentrica is a very widespread species. It has been reported from the Subarctic Pacific, and Atlantic to the subantarctic Atlantic. This paper's data suggest that temperate to warm waters are optimal for this species." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986); (6) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira ferelineata Hasle and Fryxell; Barron, 1980, pl. 9, figs. 8, 11; Hasle and Fryxell, 1977, figs. 46-53.

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) type locality-Pacific Ocean (off Australia), also found off Peru (Hasle and Fryxell, 1977); (2) mainly warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (3) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira leptopus (Grunow) Hasle and Fryxell; Hasle and Fryxell, 1977, figs. 1-14; Barron, 1980, pl. 9, fig. 6; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 1, fig. 8, pl. 9, fig. 5; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 1, fig. 2; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 10 (Pl. P12, figs. 1, 2).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) Indian Ocean, Atlantic and Pacific (mid lats), Monaco, Mejillones, Chile, and California. Although the records mentioned are few, they are from widespread localities and indicate a wide distribution and apparent absence from colder waters. (Hasle and Fyxell, 1977); (2) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988, 1991); (3) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira lineata Jousé; Hasle and Fryxell, 1977, figs. 15-25; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 10 (Pl. P11, figs. 4, 5).

Synonym: Coscinodiscus lineatus; Hajós (1973)

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) T. lineata was characterized by Jousé et al. (1971) among others as a subtropical species, and by Hasle (1976) as a warm-water species. (Hasle and Fryxell, 1977); (2) warm-water region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (3) subtropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (4) C. lineatus—oceanic, warm-water form (Hajós, 1973); (5) "(including T. leptopa) While present in virtually the entire study area, T. lineata is particularly important in two areas. The Benguela upwelling region and along the equator, west of ~12°W and between 3°E and 7°W; this corresponds to the location of the Equatorial Undercurrent. T. lineata is found in almost all the world's oceans; it is particularly important in tropical and subtropical waters. The available evidence suggests that T. lineata has two preferences: warm but not especially productive waters (Equatorial Undercurrent) and cool, highly productive waters (Benguela Region)" (Pokras and Molfino, 1986); (6) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve; Sancetta, 1982, pl. 5, figs. 8, 9; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 5 (Pl. P12, figs. 3-5).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) northern cold-water region to temperate (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Proshkina-Lavrenko; Schrader, 1974, pl. 1, figs. 3-11, 13-16, 19, 20; Barron, 1980, pl. 9, figs. 2, 4, 5, 7; Barron, 1981, pl. 5, fig. 6; Baldauf, 1984, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 2, figs. 4, 6; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 12 (Pl. P12, fig. 6).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan?; warm-water to temperate region (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996); (2) tropical thanatocoenosis (Pacific) (Werner, 1977); (3) oceanic species (Jousé and Kazarina, 1974); (4) marine, planktonic (Hajós, 1973); (5) planktonic species (Abrantes, 1988, 1991); (6) "subtropical waters of moderate productivity are dominated by a combination of Coscinodiscus and Thalassiosira spp., which also thrive in the Equatorial Undercurrent." (Pokras and Molfino, 1986).

Thalassiosira pacifica Gran and Angst; Barron, 1980, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4; Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996, pl. 5 (Pl. P13, fig. 3).

Remarks: ecological affinities: (1) cosmopolitan, exclusive polar regions (Hasle and Syvertsen, 1996).

Thalassiosira plicata Schrader, 1974, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 4-9; Barron, 1980, pl. 8, figs. 6, 9, 10; Baldauf, 1987, pl. 4, fig. 1 (Pl. P13, figs. 1, 2).

Triceratium spp. (Pl. P14, fig. 6).