Table T5. Biostratigraphic age assignments for Site 1090. Notes: CN = calcareous nannofossil; MIS = marine isotope stage. Leg Site Hole Core Type Sec. Sample top Sample bottom Depth Depth Calcareous nannofossil zone Calcareous nannofossil age Diatom zone Diatom age Radiolaria zone Radiolaria age Benthic foraminifer zone Planktic foraminifer age Comment (cm) (cm) (mbsf) (mcd) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) 177 1090 A 1 H CC 10 15 6.97 6.97 NN21 0-0.26 T. lentiginosa Subz. c 0-0.18 177 1090 B 1 H CC 20 25 4.2 4.2 NN21 0-0.26 T. lentiginosa Subz. c 0-0.18 B. aquilonalis/Omega 0-0.46 177 1090 B 2 H 1 130 130 5.5 5.5 NN21 0-0.26 177 1090 B 2 H 2 30 30 6 6 NN20 >0.26 No well defined 177 1090 B 2 H CC 0 10 13.8 13.8 NN20 >0.26? T. lentiginosa Subz. b 0.18-0.42 177 1090 B 3 H 1 40 40 14.1 15.85 NN19 <0.46 177 1090 B 3 H 1 70 70 14.4 16.15 T. lentiginosa Subz. a 0.42-0.65 177 1090 B 3 H 1 100 100 14.7 16.45 T. lentiginosa Subz. a 0.42-0.65 177 1090 B 3 H 1 130 130 15 16.75 NN19 0.46-0.88 177 1090 B 3 H 1 140 140 15.1 16.85 T. lentiginosa Subz. a 0.42-0.65 177 1090 B 3 H 6 50 50 21.7 23.45 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 warm-water diatom assemblage ?MIS 17 177 1090 B 3 H 6 70 70 21.9 23.65 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 cold-water diatom assemblage ?MIS 18 177 1090 B 3 H 6 92 92 22.12 23.87 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 cold-water diatom assemblage ?MIS 18 177 1090 B 3 H CC 13 18 22.28 24.03 NN19 0.46-0.88 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 B 4 H 3 30 30 26.5 29.01 NN19 0.46-0.88 177 1090 B 4 H 3 130 130 27.5 30.01 NN19 0.88-0.96 177 1090 B 4 H 4 40 40 28.1 30.61 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 B 4 H 5 10 10 29.3 31.81 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 B 4 H 6 30 30 31 33.51 0.88-0.96 177 1090 B 4 H 6 130 130 32 34.51 NN19 0.96-1.08 177 1090 B 4 H CC 12 17 32.51 35.02 NN19 0.96-1.08 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 ? <2.61 >0.6-0.9 177 1090 B 5 H 1 35 35 33.05 36.66 NN19 1.08-1.24 177 1090 B 5 H 1 130 130 34 37.61 NN19 1.24-1.46 177 1090 B 5 H 3 30 30 36 39.61 NN19 1.24-1.46 177 1090 B 5 H 3 110 110 36.8 40.41 NN19 1.46-1.6 177 1090 B 5 H 5 30 30 39 42.31 NN19 1.46-1.6 177 1090 B 5 H 5 130 130 40 43.31 NN19 1.6-1.69 177 1090 B 5 H 6 30 30 40.5 43.81 NN19 >1.69 177 1090 B 5 H 6 130 130 41.5 44.81 NN19 1.69-1.95 A. ingens Subz. a 1.3-1.8 177 1090 B 5 H CC 14 19 41.4 45.01 NN18 1.95-2.45 P. barboi 1.8-2.0 177 1090 B 6 H 1 30 30 42.5 45.11 NN18 1.95-2.45 P. barboi 1.8-2.0 177 1090 B 6 H 7 30 30 51.5 53.1 NN18 1.95-2.45 177 1090 B 6 H CC 9 14 51.84 53.44 NN17 >2.45 T.kolbei/F. matuyamae 2-2.5 177 1090 B 7 H CC 12 17 59.29 65.59 NN17 >2.45 F. interfrigidaria 3.3-3.8 ? >2.61 177 1090 B 8 H 1 120 120 62.4 66.11 NN16 2.45-3.66 177 1090 B 8 H 2 30 30 63.3 66.71 F. interfrigidaria 3.3-3.8 177 1090 B 8 H 2 90 90 63.9 67.31 F. interfrigidaria 3.3-3.8 177 1090 B 8 H 2 120 120 63.9 67.61 pre F. interfrigidaria "early Pliocene, >3.8" 177 1090 B 8 H 2 140 140 64.1 67.81 NN14-15? >3.66 177 1090 B 8 H 3 90 90 65.1 68.81 pre F. interfrigidaria "early Pliocene, >3.8" 177 1090 B 8 H 3 120 120 65.4 69.11 no zonation mixed ages warm-water diatom assemblage 177 1090 B 8 H 4 30 30 66 69.71 ? no zonation mixed ages early Matuyama/late Gauss+ early Miocene 177 1090 B 8 H 4 60 60 66.3 70.01 no zonation mixed ages early Matuyama/late Gauss+ early Miocene 177 1090 B 8 H 4 90 90 66.6 70.31 no zonation Early Miocene 177 1090 B 8 H 5 30 30 67.5 71.21 Miocene CN: no markers 177 1090 B 8 H CC 18 23 69.63 73.34 no zonation C. longithorax/C. antiqua 19.11-22.48 mixed diatom assemblage Neogene/Paleogene; CN: no markers 177 1090 B 9 H 3 140 140 75.1 78.79 Miocene CN: no markers 177 1090 B 9 H CC 13 18 79.99 83.68 no zonation Early Miocene CN: no markers 177 1090 B 10 H CC 19 24 88.41 92.98 CN: no markers 177 1090 B 11 H CC 10 15 99.16 103.15 middle-lower T. fraga 19-20.8 C. longithorax/C. antiqua 19.11-22.48 CN: no markers 177 1090 B 12 H CC 6 11 108.89 112.56 Early Miocene? C. longithorax/C. antiqua 19.11-22.48 177 1090 B 13 H CC 0 5 117.12 122.53 C. longithorax/C. antiqua 19.11-22.48 CN: barren 177 1090 B 14 H CC 0 5 127.51 131.16 E. Mioc./L. Oligoc. L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) 177 1090 B 15 H CC 0 10 136.73 143.22 ? <23.9 R. gelida 22.6-26.5 L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) 177 1090 B 16 H CC 0 10 146.75 153.4 <23.9 R. gelida 22.6-26.5 177 1090 B 17 H CC 14 24 154.36 161.86 lower R. gelida 25.5-26.5 CN: barren 177 1090 B 18 H CC 6 16 165.37 173.15 NN1 ? <23.9 lower R. gelida 25.5-26.5 177 1090 B 19 H CC 24 34 173.14 182.63 >23.9 L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) 177 1090 B 20 H CC 22 32 184.42 192.03 >23.9 A. gombosii + L. ornata 26.5-28 177 1090 B 21 X 3 30 30 188 196.05 >23.9 177 1090 B 21 X 3 130 130 189 197.05 NP25 >23.9 177 1090 B 21 X CC 15 25 194.09 202.14 L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) CN: barren 177 1090 B 22 X CC 0 10 203.69 211.3 A. gombosii+L. ornata 26.5-28.3 A. irregularis (24.1-?28.7)-(30.9-34.7) CN: barren 177 1090 B 23 X 7 30 30 213.4 220.7 NP23 <31.3 177 1090 B 23 X 7 130 130 214.4 221.7 NP22 >31.3 177 1090 B 23 X CC 26 36 213.76 222.16 NP22 >31.8-33.1 ? late Eocene A. irregularis (24.1-?28.7)-(30.9-34.7) 177 1090 B 24 X 1 30 30 214.1 225.06 NP22 >31.8 177 1090 B 23 X 7 130 130 214.4 221.7 NP22 >31.3 177 1090 B 24 X 4 30 30 218.6 229.56 NP21 31.8-33.3 177 1090 B 24 X 5 130 130 221.1 232.06 NP21 33.3-35.4 177 1090 B 24 X 7 110 110 222.9 233.86 NP21 33.3-35.4 177 1090 B 24 X CC 18 28 223.25 234.21 NP21 33.3-35.4 177 1090 B 25 X CC 19 27 233.01 243.72 NP21 33.3-35.4 177 1090 B 26 X CC 10 15 242.73 254.72 CN: barren 177 1090 B 27 X 5 120 120 250.1 262.09 NP21 33.7-35.4 177 1090 B 27 X 6 30 30 250.7 262.69 NP19-20 33.7-35.4 177 1090 B 27 X CC 13 18 251.53 263.52 NP19-20 35.4-36.0 E. spinosum >30.9-34.7 177 1090 B 28 X CC 16 21 262.19 274.18 NP19-20 <36.0 177 1090 B 29 X CC 17 22 271.87 283.86 NP19-20 <36.0 177 1090 B 30 X CC 21 34 281.6 293.68 NP19-20 <36.0 177 1090 B 31 X 6 30 30 289.5 301.49 NP19-20 <36.0 177 1090 B 31 X 7 30 30 291 302.99 NP19-20 36.0-37.0 E. spinosum >30.9-34.7 177 1090 B 31 X CC 21 26 291.5 303.43 NP19-20 >36.0 ? 177 1090 B 33 X CC 13 18 297.73 309.39 NP18 36.1-37.0 177 1090 B 35 X CC 17 20 319.91 331.9 NP18 36.1-37.0 E. spinosum >30.9-34.7 177 1090 B 36 X CC 26 34 330.12 342.11 CN: barren 177 1090 B 37 X CC 40 45 337.16 349.15 NP17 <38.0 Diatom: barren 177 1090 B 38 X 4 130 130 346.9 357.39 NP17 36.0-38.0 177 1090 B 38 X 7 10 10 348.7 360.69 NP17 38.0-42.0 177 1090 B 38 X CC 8 18 349.12 361.11 NN17 <38.0 Diatom: barren 177 1090 B 39 X 1 130 130 350.5 362.49 NP16 >38.0 177 1090 B 39 X CC 12 22 358.78 370.77 NP16 38.0-42.0 Diatom: barren 177 1090 B 40 X CC 21 31 368.55 380.54 NP16 38.0-42.0 177 1090 B 41 X CC 0 5 372.58 384.57 NP16 42.0-43.1 177 1090 B 42 X 1 30 30 378.4 390.39 NP15 43.1-43.7 177 1090 B 42 X CC 22 27 387.5 399.49 NP15 43.1-43.7 P12-P14 177 1090 B 43 X CC 29 39 397.59 409.58 NP15 43.1-43.7 177 1090 C 1 H CC 14 19 2.8 3.16 NN21 0-0.26? T. lentiginosa Subz. c 0-0.18 B. aquilonalis/Omega 0-0.46 177 1090 C 2 H CC 11 16 10.06 15.63 NN19 0.46-0.88 T. lentiginosa Subz. a 0.42-0.65 177 1090 C 3 H CC 9 19 21.01 27.26 NN19 <0.96 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 C 4 H CC 8 13 30.28 36.59 NN19 <1.95? A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 C 5 H CC 9 14 40.19 48.24 NN18 >1.95? T.kolbei/F. matuyamae 2-2.5 177 1090 C 6 H CC 17 22 50.41 58.23 ? Pliocene T. insiga Subz a 2.8-3.3 177 1090 C 7 H CC 8 13 58.88 66.62 NN15-14 3.66-4.0 F. interfrigidaria 3.3-3.8 ? >2.61 Diatom: no markers 177 1090 C 8 H CC 0 5 68.8 76.61 ? ? Early Miocene "CN: no markers, Diatom: barren" 177 1090 D 1 H CC 12 17 7.37 7.71 NN21 0-0.26 T. lentiginosa Subz. b 0.18-0.42 B. aquilonalis/Omega <0.46 177 1090 D 2 H CC 9 14 15.46 17.61 NN19 0.46-0.88 T. lentiginosa Subz. a 0.42-0.65 177 1090 D 3 H CC 8 13 24.94 28.01 NN19 <0.96? A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 D 4 H CC 9 14 34.79 37.78 NN19 >1.24 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 ? <2.61 177 1090 D 5 H CC 7 12 44.95 49.16 NN19 1.46-1.6 T.kolbei/F. matuyamae 2-2.5 177 1090 D 6 H CC 7 12 54.23 59.69 NN19 <1.6 T. insigna Subz a 2.8-3.3 "no T. vulnifica, warm-water diatom assemblage" 177 1090 D 7 H CC 17 22 62.9 68.98 ? pre F. interfrigidaria "early Pliocene, >3.8" ? >2.61 "no T. vulnifica, warm-water diatom assemblage" 177 1090 D 8 H CC 17 22 73.97 79.88 ? <22.48 CN: barren 177 1090 D 9 H CC 7 12 82.95 90.48 >17.3 177 1090 D 10 H CC 20 25 93.16 100.69 CN: no markers 177 1090 D 11 H CC 20 25 101.84 108.97 CN: no markers 177 1090 D 13 H CC 0 10 120.54 127.43 CN: no markers 177 1090 D 14 H CC 0 10 130.66 137.91 CN: no markers 177 1090 D 15 H CC 17 22 140.06 146.53 CN: no markers 177 1090 D 16 H CC 0 5 149.51 158.15 NN1? <23.9 L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) 177 1090 D 17 H CC 16 21 159.33 169.21 <23.9 177 1090 D 18 H CC 9 14 168.46 180.16 NP25 >23.9 177 1090 D 20 H CC 17 22 187.47 198.32 >23.9 L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) 177 1090 D 21 H CC 0 10 197.25 208.18 >23.9 177 1090 D 22 H CC 51 56 207.21 218.91 ? >23.9 177 1090 D 23 H CC 33 38 215.14 227.77 NP21-NP22 31.8-33.3 177 1090 D 24 H CC 0 6 226.02 237.66 NP21 33.3-33.7 A. irregularis (24.1-?28.7)-(30.9-34.7) 177 1090 E 1 H 1 110 110 1.1 4.48 T. lentiginosa Subz. c 0-0.18 177 1090 E 1 H 3 110 110 4.1 7.48 T. lentiginosa Subz. b 0.18-0.42 177 1090 E 1 H 6 100 100 8.5 11.88 T. lentiginosa Subz. b 0.18-0.42 177 1090 E 1 H CC 8 13 8.65 12.03 NN21 0-0.26 T. lentiginosa Subz. b 0.18-0.42 B. aquilonalis/Omega 0-0.46 177 1090 E 2 H 2 70 70 10.9 14.49 T. lentiginosa Subz. a 0.42-0.65 177 1090 E 2 H 4 70 70 13.9 17.49 T. lentiginosa Subz. a 0.42-0.65 177 1090 E 2 H 5 70 70 15.4 18.99 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 2 H CC 8 13 15.75 19.34 NN19 >0.46 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 3 H 2 70 70 20.4 27.11 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 3 H 4 70 70 23.4 30.11 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 3 H CC 10 15 24.56 31.27 NN19 0.88-0.96 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 4 H 2 70 70 29.9 36.05 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 4 H 4 70 70 32.9 39.05 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 4 H 5 70 70 34.4 40.55 A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 177 1090 E 4 H CC 15 20 35.35 41.5 NN19 ? A. ingens Subz. c 0.65-1.07 ? <2.61 177 1090 E 5 H 1 70 70 37.9 46.19 P. barboi 1.8-2.0 177 1090 E 5 H 2 70 70 39.4 47.69 P. barboi 1.8-2.0 177 1090 E 5 H 3 70 70 40.6 48.89 T.kolbei/F. matuyamae 2-2.5 177 1090 E 5 H 4 70 70 42.1 50.39 T.kolbei/F. matuyamae 2-2.5 177 1090 E 5 H 6 30 30 45.1 52.99 T.kolbei/F. matuyamae 2-2.5 177 1090 E 5 H CC 13 18 44.85 53.14 ? ? T.kolbei/F. matuyamae 2-2.5 177 1090 E 6 H 2 70 70 48.9 57.32 T. insigna Subz a 2.8-3.3 no T. vulnifica 177 1090 E 6 H 4 70 70 51.9 60.32 T. insigna Subz a 2.8-3.3 no T. vulnifica 177 1090 E 6 H 5 70 70 53.4 61.82 T. insigna Subz a 2.8-3.3 no T. vulnifica 177 1090 E 6 H 6 20 20 54.9 62.82 F. interfrigidaria 3.3-3.8 warm-water diatom assemblage 177 1090 E 6 H CC 10 15 54.54 62.96 ? ? F. interfrigidaria 3.3-3.8 ? 177 1090 E 7 H 2 70 70 58.4 67.29 F. interfrigidaria 3.3-3.8 warm-water diatom assemblage 177 1090 E 7 H 3 70 70 59.9 68.79 no zonation mixed ages 177 1090 E 7 H CC 17 22 65.19 74.08 ? ? Early Miocene CN: no markers 177 1090 E 8 H CC 9 14 75.31 83.86 CN: no markers 177 1090 E 9 H 1 70 70 75.9 85.81 upper T. fraga 17.8-19 177 1090 E 9 H 5 70 70 81.9 91.81 upper T. fraga 17.8-19 177 1090 E 9 H CC 8 13 84.53 94.44 CN: no markers 177 1090 E 10 H 3 70 70 88.4 98.77 middle-lower T. fraga 19-20.8 177 1090 E 10 H CC 18 23 93.38 103.75 CN: no markers 177 1090 E 11 H 2 70 70 96.4 106.21 middle-lower T. fraga 19-20.8 177 1090 E 11 H 4 70 70 99.4 109.21 177 1090 E 11 H 6 70 70 102.4 112.21 177 1090 E 11 H CC 0 10 103.4 113.21 C. longithorax/C. antiqua 19.11-22.48 CN: no markers 177 1090 E 12 H 3 70 70 107.4 116.61 T. spumellaroides 20.8-22.6 177 1090 E 12 H CC 0 5 112.32 121.53 NN1? <23.9 177 1090 E 13 H 1 70 70 113.9 123.51 T. spumellaroides 20.8-22.6 177 1090 E 13 H 5 70 70 119.9 129.51 R. gelida 22.6-26.5 177 1090 E 13 H 6 70 70 121.4 131.01 177 1090 E 13 H CC 12 17 121.65 131.26 CN: dissolution 177 1090 E 14 H 4 70 70 127.9 137.05 R. gelida 22.6-26.5 177 1090 E 14 H CC 14 19 131.74 140.89 CN: dissolution 177 1090 E 15 H CC 0 10 141.53 152.34 ? <23.9 L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) 177 1090 E 16 H CC 29 39 150.99 163.05 CN: barren 177 1090 E 17 H CC 0 10 160.78 173.21 CN: no markers 177 1090 E 18 H CC 14 24 170.04 184.77 177 1090 E 19 H CC 12 22 179.72 192.78 ? >23.9 L. conica 22.48-(24.1-?28.7) 177 1090 E 20 H CC 14 24 188.76 202.7 CN: barren 177 1090 E 21 H CC 0 10 198.78 212.9 CN: barren 177 1090 E 22 H CC 0 10 208 221.44 NP22 >31.3 177 1090 E 23 H CC 20 27 213.94 229.3 NP22 >31.8 A. irregularis (24.1-?28.7)-(30.9-34.7) 177 1090 E 24 H CC 11 16 225.84 241.25 NP21 <36.0 177 1090 E 25 H CC 12 17 236.74 252.21 A. irregularis (24.1-?28.7)-(30.9-34.7) CN:barren