Frontispiece 1. Tentative correlation of color reflectance records at Sites 1091, 1093, and 1094 with a benthic oxygen isotopic record from Site 846 for marine isotope Stages (MISs) 8 through 12 (Mix et al., 19951). High reflectance values represent peak interglacial stages when sediments contain a high proportion of CaCO3. The high sedimentation rates at these Leg 177 sites, located on a north-south transect across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, permit paleoceanographic studies at millennial scale or better resolution. In most sites, MIS 11 stands out as the brightest, most carbonate-rich sediments of the Pleistocene. At Site 1093, Termination V (MIS 1211 transition) is represented by an 8-m expanded section (from ~133 to 125 meters composite depth [mcd]) that contains a thick laminated interval of Thalassiothrix diatom mats (see corresponding core photograph of the section enclosed by the box in the reflectance record of Site 1093).
1Mix, A.C., Le, J., and Shackleton, N.J., 1995. Benthic foraminiferal stable isotope stratigraphy of Site 846: 01.8 Ma. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 839854.
Frontispiece 2. Core 177-1093A-13H contains sediments that represent the transition from MIS 12 to 11 (Termination V). The dark sediment in Sections 177-1093A-13H-6, 13H-7, and 13H-CC corresponds to glacial MIS 12. Sections 177-1093A-13H-2 (partim), 13H-3, 13H-4, and 13H-5 represent a thick laminated interval of Thalassiothrix diatom mats that accumulated at high sedimentation rates, offering an unprecedented opportunity to study paleoceanographic changes in the Southern Ocean associated with Termination V at high temporal resolution. The white sediment in Section 177-1093A-13H-1 represents MIS 11.
Volume 177
Initial Reports
Southern Ocean Paleoceanography
Covering Leg 177 of the cruises of
the Drilling Vessel JOIDES Resolution
Cape Town, South Africa, to Punta Arenas, Chile
Sites 10881094
9 December 19975 February 1998
SHIPBOARD SCIENTISTS
Rainer Gersonde, David A. Hodell, Peter Blum,
Carin Andersson, William E.N. Austin, Katharina Billups, James E.T. Channell, Christopher
D. Charles, Bernhard Diekmann, Gabriel M. Filippelli, José-Abel Flores, Antony T. Hewitt,
William R. Howard, Minoru Ikehara, Thomas R. Janecek, Sharon L. Kanfoush, Alan E.S. Kemp,
Stagg L. King, Helga F. Kleiven, Gerhard Kuhn, Maria Marino, Ulysses S. Ninnemann, Suzanne
OConnell, Joseph D. Ortiz, Joseph S. Stoner, Kazuhiro Sugiyama, Detlef A. Warnke,
Ulrich Zielinski
SHIPBOARD STAFF SCIENTIST
Peter Blum
VOLUME EDITORS
Katerina E. Petronotis and Ginny Lowe
Reference to the whole or to part of this volume should be made as follows:
WWW volume citation:
Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., Blum, P., et al., 1999. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts.,
177 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_IR/177TOC.HTM>.
[Cited YYYY-MM-DD]
WWW chapter citation (PDF):
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Site 1088. In Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A.,
Blum, P., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 177, 1-66 [Online]. Available from
World Wide Web:
<http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_IR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/CHAP_03.PDF>.
[Cited YYYY-MM-DD]
WWW chapter citation (HTML):
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Site 1088. In Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A.,
Blum, P., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 177 [Online]. Available from World
Wide Web:
<http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_IR/CHAP_01/Output/chap_01.htm>.
[Cited YYYY-MM-DD]
Printed booklet citation for
Chapter 1:
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Leg 177 summary: Southern Ocean paleoceanography. In
Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., Blum, P., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 177: College
Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 167.
CD-ROM volume citation:
Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., Blum, P., et al., 1999. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 177
[CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A.
CD-ROM chapter citation:
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Site 1088. In Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A.,
Blum, P., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 177, 166 [CD-ROM].
Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77845-9547, U.S.A.
ISSN
Printed booklet: 0884-5883; CD-ROM volume: 1096-2522; WWW volume: 1096-2158
Library of Congress 87-642-462
According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the date of publication of a work and of a contained name or statement affecting nomenclature is the date on which the publication was mailed to subscribers, placed on sale, or when the whole edition is distributed free of charge, mailed to institutions and individuals to whom free copies are distributed. The mailing date, not the printing date, is the correct one.
The printing date of the printed
volume: April 1999
The publication date of the web version of the volume: May 1999
The mailing dates of recent Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program:
Volume 173 (Initial Reports): July 1998
Volumes 174A/174AX/174B (Initial Reports): November 1998
Volume 175 (Initial Reports): November 1998
Volumes 159/159T (Scientific Results): October 1998
Volume 160 (Scientific Results): September 1998
Volume 161 (Scientific Results): February 1999
Copies of this publication may be obtained from Publications Distribution Center, Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A. See the ODP publication list at www-odp.tamu.edu/publications or contact ODP for prices and ordering information. Orders for copies require advance payment.
This publication was prepared by the Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, as an account of work performed under the international Ocean Drilling Program, which is managed by Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation. Funding for the program was provided by the following agencies at the time of this cruise:
Australia/Canada/Chinese Taipei/Korea Consortium for Ocean Drilling: Department of Primary Industries and Energy (Australia), Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada), National Taiwan University in Taipei, and Korean Institute for Geology, Mining and Minerals
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Federal Republic of Germany)
European Science Foundation Consortium for Ocean Drilling (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey)
Institut Français de Recherche pour lExploitation de la Mer (France)
National Science Foundation (United States)
Natural Environment Research Council (United Kingdom)
University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute (Japan)
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the participating agencies, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., Texas A&M University, or Texas A&M Research Foundation.
Abbreviations for names of organizations and publications in ODP reference lists follow the style given in Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (published by American Chemical Society).
The bulk of the shipboard-collected data from this leg is available on the World Wide Web and is accessible at www-odp.tamu.edu/database. If you cannot access this site or need additional data, please contact the ODP Data Librarian, Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A. (e-mail: database@odpemail.tamu.edu).
Supplemental data on the volume CD-ROM were provided by the authors and may not conform to ODP publication formats.
A site map showing the drilling locations for this leg and maps showing the drilling locations of all Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) drilling sites are available on the volume CD in PDF format.
Beginning with Initial Reports Volume 176 and Scientific Results Volume 169, all Proceedings volumes will be published on CD-ROM and the World Wide Web at www-odp.tamu.edu/publications.
Initial Reports Scientific
Results
Booklet format: ISSN 0884-5883 Book: ISSN 0884-5891
CD-ROM format: ISSN 1096-2522 CD-ROM format: ISSN 1096-2514
WWW format: ISSN 1096-2158 WWW format: ISSN 1096-7451
Cover photograph of the JOIDES Resolution by ODP staff photographers.
By Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.
This volume presents scientific and engineering results from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). These results address the scientific and technical goals of the program, which are focused on the study of the dynamics of Earths interior and environment.
ODP, an international partnership of scientists and research institutions from 22 countries, operates the drillship JOIDES Resolution. This state-of-the-art research vessel contains seven levels of laboratories and other scientific facilities required for carrying out the programs objectives.
The management of ODP involves a partnership of scientists and governments. International oversight and coordination are provided by the ODP Council, which is made up of representatives from the member countries. Overall scientific and management guidance is provided by representatives from the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES).
Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), a nonprofit consortium of eleven U.S. oceanographic institutions, serves as the National Science Foundations prime contractor for ODP. JOI implements scientific objectives, plans, and recommendations of the JOIDES committees through major subcontracts to Texas A&M University (TAMU) for science operations and to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University for logging services.
JOI, TAMU, and LDEO have worked together successfully for many years to manage the Ocean Drilling Program. We look forward to many exciting discoveries and continued international collaboration as we further our scientific mission, especially the planning for the future of ocean drilling beyond 2003.
James D. Watkins
Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)
President, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., Washington, D.C.
*At time of publication. See Publishers Notes, for list of funding agencies at time of cruise. For an up-to-date list of current member organizations and office contact information, see the ODP Web site: www.oceandrilling.org.
National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22230, U.S.A.
Tel: (703) 306-1581; Fax: (703) 306-0390
Web site: www.nsf.gov
Member Organizations of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES)
University of California at San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
University of Hawaii, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
Oregon State University, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences
University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences
Texas A&M University, College of Geosciences
University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Geophysics
University of Washington, College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Australia/Canada/Chinese Taipei/Korea Consortium for Ocean Drilling: Department of Primary Industries and Energy (Australia), Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada), National Taiwan University in Taipei, and Korean Institute for Geology, Mining and Minerals
European Science Foundation Consortium for Ocean Drilling (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey)
Federal Republic of Germany, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
France, Institut Français de Recherche pour lExploitation de la Mer
Japan, University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute
Peoples Republic of China, Marine High-Technology Bureau of the State Science and Technology Commission of the Peoples Republic of China
United Kingdom, Natural Environment Research Council
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
Web site: www.oceandrilling.org
ODP Science
Advisory Structure (JOIDES) JOIDES Office GEOMAR Research Center Wischhofstrasse 1-3, Building 4 D-24148 Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany Tel: 49 (431) 600-2821; Fax: 49 (431) 600-2847 E-mail: joides@geomar.de Web site: www.joides.geomar.de |
ODP Program Manager Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036-2102, U.S.A. Tel: (202) 232-3900; Fax: (202) 462-8754 E-mail: joi@brook.edu Web site: www.joi-odp.org |
|
ODP Science
Operator Ocean Drilling Program Texas A&M University 1000 Discovery Drive College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A. Tel: (409) 845-2673; Fax: (409) 845-4857 E-mail: odp@odpemail.tamu.edu Web site: www-odp.tamu.edu |
ODP Logging
Services Borehole Research Group Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University P.O. Box 1000, Rt. 9W Palisades, NY 10964, U.S.A. Tel: (914) 365-8672; Fax: (914) 365-3182 E-mail: borehole@ldeo.columbia.edu Web site: www.ldeo.columbia.edu/BRG/ODP |
|
ODP Site Survey
Data Bank Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University P.O. Box 1000, Rt. 9W Palisades, NY 10964, U.S.A. Tel: (914) 365-8542; Fax: (914) 365-3159 E-mail: odp@ldeo.columbia.edu Web site: www.ldeo.columbia.edu/databank |
*Mailing addresses at time of cruise. Addresses may be updated. Send requests to pub_production@odpemail.tamu.edu.
Shipboard Scientific Party
Rainer Gersonde Co-Chief Scientist Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Columbusstrasse P.O. Box 120161 D-27515 Bremerhaven Federal Republic of Germany rgersonde@awi-bremerhaven.de |
David A. Hodell Co-Chief Scientist Department of Geology University of Florida 1112 Turlington Hall P.O. Box 117340 Gainesville, FL 32611-7340 U.S.A. hodell@nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu |
|
Peter Blum Staff Scientist Ocean Drilling Program Texas A&M University 1000 Discovery Drive College Station, TX 77845-9547 U.S.A. Present address (25 November 2003): Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Texas A&M University 1000 Discovery Drive College Station TX 77845-9547 USA blum@iodp.tamu.edu |
Carin Andersson Paleontologist (foraminifers) Institute of Geology Allégaten 41 University of Bergen N-5007 Bergen Norway carin.andersson@geol.uib.no |
|
William E.N. Austin Paleontologist (foraminifers) Environmental Research Centre Department of Geography University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE, England United Kingdom bill.austin@durham.ac.uk |
Katharina Billups Stratigraphic Correlator Earth Sciences Department University of California at Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, CA 95064 U.S.A. billups@fas.harvard.edu |
|
James E.T. Channell Paleomagnetist Department of Geology University of Florida 1112 Turlington Hall P.O. Box 117340 Gainesville, FLA 32611-7340 U.S.A. jetc@geology.ufl.edu |
Christopher D.
Charles Inorganic Geochemist Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego 3119 Sverdrup Hall La Jolla, CA 92093-0220 U.S.A. ccharles@ucsd.edu |
|
Bernhard Diekmann Sedimentologist Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Columbusstrasse P.O. Box 120161 D-27515 Bremerhaven Federal Republic of Germany bdiekmann@awi-bremerhaven.de |
Gabriel M.
Filippelli Sedimentologist Department of Geology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis 723 W. Michigan St. Indianapolis, IN 46202-5132 U.S.A. gfilippe@iupui.edu |
|
José-Abel Flores Paleontologist (nannofossils) Universidad de Salamanca Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Geologia 37008 Salamanca Spain flores@gugu.usal.es |
Antony T. Hewitt Physical Properties Specialist Ocean Mapping Group Department of Geology and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick Box 4400 Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3 Canada ahewitt@omg.unb.ca |
|
William R. Howard Sedimentologist Antarctic CRC University of Tasmania Churchill Ave. P.O. Box 252-80 Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia will.howard@utas.edu.au |
Minoru Ikehara Organic Geochemist Institute of Low Temperature Science Hokkaido University W8, N19, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0819 Japan ikehara@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp |
|
Thomas R. Janecek Stratigraphic Correlator Antarctic Research Facility 108 Carraway Building Florida State University Tallahassee, FL 32306-3026 U.S.A. janecek@gly.fsu.edu |
Sharon L. Kanfoush Sedimentologist Department of Geology University of Florida 1112 Turlington Hall Gainesville, FL 32611-7340 U.S.A. skanfou@nervm.nerdc.utl.edu |
|
Alan E.S. Kemp Sedimentologist Department of Oceanography University of Southampton Southampton Oceanography Centre Waterfront Campus, European Way Southampton SO14 3ZH United Kingdom aesk@soc.soton.ac.uk |
Stagg L. King Inorganic Geochemist School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology 221 Bobby Dodd Way Atlanta, GA 30332-0340 U.S.A. king@eas.gatech.edu |
|
Helga F. Kleiven Norwegian Observer Institute of Geology University of Bergen Allégaten 41 N-5007 Bergen Norway kikki@eik.ii.uib.no |
Gerhard Kuhn Physical Properties Specialist Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Columbusstrasse P.O. Box 120161 D-27515 Bremerhaven Federal Republic of Germany gkuhn@awi-bremerhaven.de |
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Maria Marino Paleontologist (nannofossils) Dipartimento di Geologia e Geofisica Università degli Studi di Bari Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy emonopoli@iol.it |
Ulysses S.
Ninnemann Logging Scientist Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0208 U.S.A. Uninnema@ucsd.edu |
|
Suzanne
OConnell Sedimentologist Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 06459 U.S.A. soconnell@wesleyan.edu |
Joseph D. Ortiz Sedimentologist Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Route 9 W Palisades, NY 10964-8000 U.S.A. jortiz@ldeo.columbia.edu |
|
Joseph S. Stoner Physical Properties Specialist/Stratigraphic Correlator Department of Geology One Shields Avenue University of California at Davis Davis, CA 95616 U.S.A stoner@geology.ucdavis.edu |
Kazuhiro Sugiyama Paleontologist (radiolarians) Earth and Planetary Sciences Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-01 Japan k46243a@nucc.cc.nagoya-u.ac.jp |
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Detlef A. Warnke Sedimentologist Department of Geological Sciences California State University, Hayward 25800 Carlos Bee Boulevard Hayward, CA 94542-3088 U.S.A. dwarnke@csuhayward.edu |
Ulrich Zielinski Paleontologist (diatoms) Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Columbusstrasse P.O. Box 120161 D-27515 Bremerhaven Federal Republic of Germany uzielinski@awi-bremerhaven.de |
|
SEDCO Officials | ||
Captain Anthony
Ribbens Master of the Drilling Vessel Overseas Drilling Ltd. 707 Texas Avenue South, Suite 213D College Station, TX 77840-1917 U.S.A. |
Robert Caldow Drilling Superintendent Overseas Drilling Ltd. 707 Texas Avenue South, Suite 213D College Station, TX 77840-1917 U.S.A. |
|
ODP Shipboard Personnel | ||
Pattie Baucom Marine Laboratory Specialist |
Jerry Bode Marine Laboratory Specialist (Assistant Curator) |
|
Johannes Calitz Marine Electronics Specialist |
Roy Davis Marine Laboratory Specialist (Photographer) |
|
Sandy Dillard Marine Laboratory Specialist (Storekeeper) |
John Eastlund Marine Computer Specialist |
|
Glenn Foss Operations Manager |
Burney Hamlin Laboratory Officer |
|
Jim Ippoliti Marine Electronics Specialist |
Steve Kittredge Schlumberger Logging Engineer |
|
Kuro Kuroki Assistant Laboratory Specialist |
Jaque Ledbetter Marine Laboratory Specialist (X-ray) |
|
Prentiss Lund Marine Laboratory Specialist |
Erinn McCarty Marine Laboratory Specialist (Curator) |
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Erik Moortgat Marine Laboratory Specialist (Chemistry) |
David Morley Marine Computer Specialist |
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Matt ORegan Marine Laboratory Specialist (Paleomagnetism) |
Anne Pimmel Marine Laboratory Specialist (Chemistry) |
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Mads Rasted Marine Laboratory Specialist |
Jo Ribbens Marine Laboratory Specialist (Yeoperson) |
|
Karen Benson Production Editor |
Amy Brundeen Production Editor |
|
Coleena Burt Illustrator |
Jaime Cawthron Student Assistant |
|
Gudelia
("Gigi") Delgado Senior Publications Coordinator |
Patrick H. Edwards Production Editor |
|
Scott Elfstrom Illustrator |
Edward W. Flax Student Assistant |
|
Phyllis M. Garman Editor |
Jaime A.
Gracia Senior Production Editor |
|
Lea Elaine Green Production Editor |
Caressa F. Inman Student Assistant |
|
Shiela D. Jaksik Student Assistant |
Ann Klaus Publication Services Manager |
|
Ginny Lowe Editor |
Nancy H.
Luedke Illustrator |
|
Angeline T. Miller Senior Editor |
Mary Elizabeth
Mitchell Production Assistant |
|
Susan Nessler Editor |
Deborah L. Partain Senior Illustrator |
|
Katerina E.
Petronotis WWW Administrator |
M. Kathleen
Phillips Publications Specialist |
|
Ruth N. Riegel Editor |
Jennifer Pattison
Rumford Electronic Publications Specialist |
|
John M. Scroggs Editor |
Karen E. Wagner Illustrator |
|
Eric S. Wilfong Assistant Editor |
Ann Yeager Copier/Distribution Specialist |
*At time of publication.
Lead staff members for this volume.
Successfully planning and executing an Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) leg requires the support and effort of a community of dedicated individuals, especially when the location is in an area as remote as the Southern Ocean. The seed for Leg 177 was first sowed at a Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI) workshop for future drilling in the Southern Ocean organized by Jim Kennett and John Barron in Santa Barbara in 1991. The proposal that ultimately became Leg 177 originated from the merger of two proposals submitted by German and American scientists with encouragement from the Ocean History Panel. We thank the Alfred Wegener Institute and JOI for supporting several workshops where plans for Leg 177 took shape. Extensive geophysical and coring surveys for Leg 177 were conducted by research cruises of the Polarstern and Thomas G. Thompson, with support provided by the Alfred Wegener Institute and the "Sonderforschungsbereich 261" funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the U.S. National Science FoundationODP. We thank members of the Site Survey Panel and Data Repository for evaluating the survey data and making useful suggestions for improving site locations.
The Leg 177 operations were carefully executed by the skillful crew of the JOIDES Resolution under the supervision of Captain Tom Ribbens, Drilling Superintendent Bob Caldow, and ODP Operations Manager Glen Foss. Special thanks are extended to the drill crew and marine specialists whose hard work was responsible for the recovery and processing of more than 4000 m of sediment. We also acknowledge the efforts of the meteorological crew of the Polarstern for providing weather forecasts that aided in planning the drilling program and the transit to Punta Arenas. The Leg 177 scientists extend our gratitude to all individuals and institutions (academic and governmental) who supported us in making our expedition possible. Leg 177 marked the first return in over a decade of the JOIDES Resolution to the southern high latitudes, and we sincerely appreciate this opportunity to study the role of the Southern Ocean in past, present, and perhaps future changes in Earths climate system.