Figure F19. Changes in vertical carbon isotope gradients (delta13C) in the South Atlantic compared to pCO2 variation in the Vostok ice core for the last 420 k.y. (Petit et al., 1999). delta13C represents the carbon isotopic gradient between middepth and deep waters, calculated by subtracting benthic delta13C signals at Sites 1088 and 1090 after interpolating at constant 5-k.y. intervals (after Hodell et al., 2002).

Figure F19. Changes in vertical carbon isotope gradients (

¹³C) in the South Atlantic compared to pCO₂ variation in the Vostok ice core for the last 420 k.y. (Petit et al., 1999).

¹³C represents the carbon isotopic gradient between middepth and deep waters, calculated by subtracting benthic

¹³C signals at Sites 1088 and 1090 after interpolating at constant 5-k.y. intervals (after Hodell et al., 2002).