Table 4.

Table T4. Combined published ages referenced for Leg 178.

		Diatom datums published ages	Using Berggren et al. (1985a); Gersonde and Burckle (1990)	Using Berggren et al. (1985a); Harwood and Maruyama (1992)	Using Berggren et al. (1995); Harwood and Maruyama (1992)	Berggren (1985a) (Chrons)	Using Berggren et al. (1995); Shipboard Scientific Party (1999a)	Using Berggren et al. (1995); Gersonde and Bárcena (1998)
T. lentiginosa	T	Actinocyclus tabularis group	2.5				0
T. lentiginosa	T	Fragilariopsis doliolus					0
T. lentiginosa	T	Fragilariopsis kerguelensis					0
T. lentiginosa	T	Thalassiosira oestrupii	~2.5				0
T. lentiginosa	TC	Hemidiscus karstenii		0.195		C1n1		0.19
T. lentiginosa	BC	Hemidiscus karstenii						0.42
	T	Actinocyclus ingens	0.6	0.62	0.64	C1n1	0.64	0.65

A. ingens	T	Fragilariopsis reinholdii		3.2		C2An3	0.65
A. ingens	T	Thalassiosira elliptipora		0.65	0.68	C1n1	0.7	1.04-1.11*
A. ingens	T	Thalassiosira fasciculata		1.6	1.7	C1r.1r	0.7
A. ingens	T	Fragilariopsis fossilis					0.9
A. ingens	T	Fragilariopsis barronii	1.5	1.25	1.39	C1r2	1.4	1.3
A. ingens	T	T. tetraoestrupii var. reimerii					1.5
A. ingens	B	Thalassiosira elliptipora		1.6	1.7	C1r2	1.77
A. ingens	T	Proboscia barboi		3.1		C2An2	1.8	1.8
A. ingens	T	Thalassiosira torokina		1.8	1.85	C2n1	1.8
A. ingens	B	Fragilariopsis doliolus					1.9
	T	Thalassiosira kolbei		1.8	1.85	C2n1	2	2

T. kolbei	T	Fragilariopsis matuyamae					2.1	2.0-2.1
T. kolbei	T	Thalassiosira convexa					2.18
T. kolbei	T	Thalassiosira convexa var. aspinosa	3.9				2.18
T. kolbei	B	T. tetraoestrupii var. reimerii					2.2
T. kolbei	B	Fragilariopsis matuyamae					2.5	2.3
T. kolbei	T	Thalassiosira complicata	~2.5	3.1-3.3	3.4		2.5
T. kolbei	T	Actinocyclus karstenii		1.7-2.8	1.7 8-2.9
T. kolbei	T	Thalassiosira inura	1.7?	1.8	1.85	C2n1	2.5
	T	Thalassiosira vulnifica		2.2	2.28	C2r3	2.5	2.3

T. vulnifica	B	Thalassiosira gracilis		2.2	2.28	C2r3
T. vulnifica	T	Rouxia diploneis		2.4	2.48	C2r3
T. vulnifica	T	Fragilariopsis interfrigidaria	2.1-2.5	2.6	2.67	C2An1	2.63
	T	Thalassiosira insigna		2.5	2.57	C2r3	2.63	2.6

T. insigna/vul.	T	Fragilariopsis weaverii		2.64	2.7	C2n1	2.65
T. insigna/vul.	B	Fragilariopsis kerguelensis		3.1	3.33	C2An3	2.7
T. insigna/vul.	T	Fragilariopsis lacrima	~2.8	4.3	4.61	C3n2.r	2.9
T. insigna/vul.	T	Rouxia heteropolara	~2.5	2.5	2.58	C2An1	2.9
T. insigna/vul.	T	Thalassiosira striata		2.8-3.2	2.92-3.4
	B	Thalassiosira vulnifica		3.1	3.17	C2An2	3.26

F. interfrigidaria	B	Fragilariopsis weaveri		3.2	3.4	C2An3	3.4
F. interfrigidaria	B	Thalassiosira insigna		3.2	3.4	C2An3	3.4
F. interfrigidaria	T	Thalassiosira webbi		3.25	3.45	C2An3
F. interfrigidaria	B	Fragilariopsis ritscherii		3.4	3.53	C2An3
F. interfrigidaria	B	Fragilariopsis curta		3.5	3.64	C2Ar3
F. interfrigidaria	B	Thalassiosira convexa					3.7
F. interfrigidaria	B	Thalassiosira kolbei		3.8	4.07	C2Ar3	3.75
	B	Fragilariopsis interfrigidaria	3.6	3.6	3.8	C2Ar3	3.8

F. barronii	T	Fragilariopsis praeinterfrigidaria	3.6	3.5	3.64	C2Ar3	3.8
F. barronii	T	Fragilariopsis praecurta	3.8	3.6	3.8	C2Ar3	4.15
F. barronii	T	Fragilariopsis aurica	3.8	3.8	4.07	C2Ar3	4.18
F. barronii	T	Fragilariopsis cylindrica					4.3
F. barronii	B	Thalassiosira lentiginosa		3.9	4.2	C3n1
F. barronii	T	Thalassionema nitzschiodes var. parva		3.9	4.2	C3n1
F. barronii	B	Asteromphalus parvulus		4.1	4.48	C3n2
F. barronii	B	Rouxia diploneis		4.1	4.48	C3n2
F. barronii	B	Thalassiosira striata		4.1	4.48	C3n2
	B	Fragilariopsis barronii	4.1-4.2	4.1	4.48	C3n2	4.44

T. inura	B	Thalassiosira complicata	4.3	4.3	4.62	C3n.2r	4.44
T. inura	T	Fragilariopsis arcula	3.6	3.6	3.8	C2Ar3	4.48
T. inura	B	Thalassiosira fasciculata		4.1	4.48	C3n2	4.5
T. inura	B	Fragilariopsis lacrima	4.3	4.3	4.62	C3n.2r	4.62
T. inura	B	Rouxia heteropolara	4.3	4.3	4.62	C3n.2r	4.7
T. inura	T	Cosmiodiscus intersectus	4.5				4.89
T. inura	T	Thalassiosira oliverana var. sparsa		4.5	4.85	C3n.3r
	B	Thalassiosira inura	4.47	4.5(4.8)	4.85	C3n.3r	4.92

T. oestrupii	T	Denticulopsis hustedtii	4.5	5.6-5.7*	6.28		5.3
T. oestrupii	B	Fragilariopsis praeinterfrigidari	4.5?	4.5	4.85	C3n.3r	5.3
	B	Thalassiosira oestrupii	4.9	5.1	5.62	C3r4	5.56

N. reinholdii	T	Nitzschia donahuensis		5.3	5.89	C3An1
N. reinholdii	T	Asteromphalus kennettii	7.1	5.7	6.32	C3An2	6
N. reinholdii	T	Actinocyclus ingens var. ovalis	7.2				6.27
N. reinholdii	T	Hemidiscus ovalis		5.7	6.32	C4An1
N. reinholdii	T	Thalassiosira miocenica		5.1	5.62	C3r4	6.27
N. reinholdii	B	Thalassiosira miocenica		5.8	6.42	C3An2	6.3
	B	Thalassiosira oliverana		5.8	6.42	C3An2	6.42

H. ovalis	T	Actinocyclus fryxellae					6.7
H. ovalis	B	Thalassiosira convexa var. aspinosa	4.85				6.7
H. ovalis	B	Fragilariopsis cylindrica					7.55
H. ovalis	B	Fragilariopsis reinholdii		5.8	6.42	C3An2	8.1
H. ovalis	B	Fragilariopsis arcula	7.8				8.6
	B	Actinocyclus ingens var. ovalis	7.8-7.9				8.68
	B	Hemidiscus ovalis		7.9	8.68	C4An1

T. torokina	B	Cosmiodiscus intersectus	7.9				8.68
T. torokina	B	Thalassiosira oliverana var. sparsa		7.9	8.68	C4An1
T. torokina	B	Fragilariopsis aurica	7.9*				8.75
T. torokina	B	Fragilariopsis fossilis					9
	B	Thalassiosira torokina		8.2(8.6)*	8.92		9.01

A. kennettii	T	Denticulopsis lauta					9.8
A. kennettii	T	Nitzschia claviceps					9.8
A. kennettii	B	Hemidiscus karstenii		8.7	9.59	C4An3
A. kennettii	B	Nitzschia donahuensis		8.8	9.63	C4An3
	B	Asteromphalus kennettii	9.6	9.6*	10.29	C5n1	10.23

D. hustedtii
	T	Denticulopsis dimorpha	4.3	10.1*	10.63	C5n1	10.7

D. dimorpha	B	Actinocyclus fryxellae					11.05
D. dimorpha	B	Fragilariopsis praecurta	10.5				11.05
D. dimorpha	T	Denticulopsis praedimorpha	10.4	11.1*	11.5	C5n3	11.53
	T	Nitzschia denticuloides	11.5	11.3*	11.67	C5n3	11.7

D. praedi./N. dent.	B	Actinocyclus karstenii		11.7	11.98	C5An1
	B	Denticulopsis dimorpha *	12.4	11.9/12.2	12.2		12.2

D. praedimorpha
	B	Denticulopsis praedimorpha	12.6	12.6*	12.8	C5Ar4	12.4

N. denticuloides	B	Proboscia barboi		12.5	12.73	C5Ar3	12.5
N. denticuloides	T	Actinocyclus ingens var. nodus	12.3	12.3	12.54	C5Ar2	12.71
N. denticuloides	T	Coscinodiscus lewisianus		13.2	13.32	C5ABn	13.2
	B	Nitzschia denticuloides	13.5	13.5*	13.51	C5ABr	13.51

D. hust./N. gross.	T	Nitzschia grossepunctata	13.5	12.6	12.8	C5Ar4	13.51
D. hust./N. gross.	B	Nitzschia claviceps					13.9
	B	Denticulopsis hustedtii s.l.	14.2	14.2*	14.18	C5ADn	14.17

A. ingens var. nodus
	B	Actinocyclus ingens var. nodus	14.9	14.5*	14.42	C5ADn	14.38

N. grossepunctata	T	Cavitatus jouseanus (Synedra)	14.6	14.7	14.58	C5ADr	14.61
N. grossepunctata	T	Nitzschia maleinterpretaria	14.6	14.1	14.01	C5ACr	14.61
N. grossepunctata	T	Denticulopsis macculumii	14.4	14.4	14.38	C5ADn	14.7
N. grossepunctata	T	Cavitatus linearis					15.2
	B	Nitzschia grossepunctata	15.3	15.5*	15.38	C5Bn.2r	15.38
A. ingens/D. macc.
	B	Actinocyclus ingens	15.2	16.4*	16.2	C5Cn.1n	16.2
D. maccollumii	B	Denticulopsis lauta		16	15.81	C5Bn.2r	16.2
D. maccollumii	T	Crucidenticulopsis kanayae					16.56
D. maccollumii	B	Denticulopsis macculumii	17.6/15.4	17*	16.6	C5Cn.3r	16.75

Notes: Harwood and Maruyama (1992) ages have been adapted to Berggren et al. (1995) to allow direct application to the paleomagnetic time scale used on this leg. Species with two names currently used in the literature have both names listed with a box around them, and the ages from each reference are given in the appropriate column. Zone names used during this leg are listed in the far left column. T = top/last occurrence, B = bottom/first occurrence, TC = last common occurrence, BC = first common occurrence. * = zonal datums based on increased abundance of species.