Frontispiece. A. Interval 178-1101A-10H-6, 27–36 cm. Finely laminated silty clay deposited during glacial intervals on the sediment drifts. B. Interval 178-1101A-7H-7, 11.3–17.0 cm. Massive foraminifer-bearing clayey silt deposited during interglacial intervals on the sediment drifts. C. Interval 178-1098B-1H-3, 84–93 cm. Laminated diatom ooze from Palmer Deep, rich in Corethron criophilum (pale layers) and Chaetoceros spp. spores (dark layers) representing possibly interannual cyclic sedimentation. D. Interval 178-1097A-13R-1, 81.0–86.5 cm. Massive diamict from the continental shelf, interpreted to have a subglacial origin. E. Interval 178-1103A-33R, 55.0–59.5 cm. Chaotically bedded sandstone with gravel and broken shell fragments, evidence for ice-proximal sediment gravity flows on the continental shelf. Core scales are in centimeters.

Proceedings of the
Ocean Drilling Program

Volume 178
Initial Reports
Antarctic Glacial History and Sea-Level Change

Covering Leg 178 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel JOIDES Resolution
Punta Arenas, Chile, to Cape Town, South Africa
Sites 1095–1103
5 February–9 April 1998

SHIPBOARD SCIENTISTS
Peter F. Barker, Angelo Camerlenghi, Gary D. Acton,
Stefanie A. Brachfeld, Ellen A. Cowan, James Daniels, Eugene W. Domack, Carlota Escutia, Andrew J. Evans, Nicholas Eyles, Yohan J.B. Guyodo, Marina Iorio, Masao Iwai, Frank T. Kyte, Christine Lauer, Andrés Maldonado, Tobias Moerz, Lisa E. Osterman, Carol J. Pudsey, Jeffrey D. Schuffert, Charlotte M. Sjunneskog, Kate L. Vigar, Amy L. Weinheimer, Trevor Williams, Diane M. Winter, Thomas C.W. Wolf-Welling

SHIPBOARD STAFF SCIENTIST
Gary D. Acton

VOLUME EDITORS
Susan Nessler and Laura Stokking

Citation

Reference to the whole or to part of this volume should be made as follows:

WWW volume citation:
Barker, P.F., Camerlenghi, A., Acton, G.D., et al., 1999. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 178 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web:
<http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/178_IR/178TOC.HTM>. [Cited
YYYY-MM-DD]

WWW chapter citation (PDF):
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Site 1095. In Barker, P.F., Camerlenghi, A., Acton, G.D., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 178, 1–174 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web:
<http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/178_IR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/CHAP_04.PDF>.
[Cited YYYY-MM-DD]

WWW chapter citation (HTML):
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Site 1095. In Barker, P.F., Camerlenghi, A., Acton, G.D., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 178 [Online]. Available from World Wide Web: 
<http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/178_IR/chap_04/chap_04.htm>. [Cited
YYYY-MM-DD]

Printed booklet citation for Chapter 1:
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Leg 178 summary. In Barker, P.F., Camerlenghi, A., Acton, G.D., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 178: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1–60.

CD-ROM volume citation:
Barker, P.F., Camerlenghi, A., Acton, G.D., et al., 1999. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 178 [CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A.

CD-ROM chapter citation:
Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999. Site 1095. In Barker, P.F., Camerlenghi, A., Acton, G.D., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 178, 1–174 [CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A.

ISSN
Printed booklet: 0884-5883; CD-ROM volume: 1096-2522; WWW volume:
1096-2158 
Library of Congress 87-642-462

Effective publication dates of ODP Proceedings

According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the date of publication of a work and of a contained name or statement affecting nomenclature is the date on which the publication was mailed to subscribers, placed on sale, or when the whole edition is distributed free of charge, mailed to institutions and individuals to whom free copies are distributed. The mailing date, not the printing date, is the correct one.

The printing date of this volume: August 1999

The mailing dates of recent Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program:

Volumes 174A/174AX/174B (Initial Reports): November 1998
Volume 175 (Initial Reports): November 1998
Volume 177 (Initial Reports): May 1999
Volume 160 (Scientific Results): September 1998
Volume 161 (Scientific Results): February 1999
Volume 162 (Scientific Results): June 1999

Copies of this publication may be obtained from Publications Distribution Center,
Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, 1000 Discovery Drive, College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A. See the ODP publication list at www-odp.tamu.edu/publications or contact ODP for prices and ordering
information. Orders for copies require advance payment.

Publisher's Notes

This publication was prepared by the Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, as an account of work performed under the international Ocean Drilling Program, which is managed by Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation. Funding for the program was provided by the following agencies at the time of this cruise:

Australia/Canada/Chinese Taipei/Korea Consortium for Ocean Drilling: Department of Primary Industries and Energy (Australia), Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada), National Taiwan University in Taipei, and Korean Institute for Geology, Mining and Minerals

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Federal Republic of Germany)

European Science Foundation Consortium for Ocean Drilling (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey)

Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (France)

People’s Republic of China, Marine High-Technology Bureau of the State Science and Technology Commission of the People’s Republic of China

National Science Foundation (United States)

Natural Environment Research Council (United Kingdom)

University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute (Japan)

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation, the participating agencies, Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc., Texas A&M University, or Texas A&M Research Foundation.

Abbreviations for names of organizations and publications in ODP reference lists follow the style given in Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (published by the American Chemical Society).

The bulk of the shipboard-collected data from this leg is available on the World Wide Web and is accessible at www-odp.tamu.edu/database. If you cannot access this site or need additional data, please contact the ODP Data Librarian, Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845-9547, U.S.A. (e-mail: database@odpemail.tamu.edu).

Supplemental data on the volume CD-ROM were provided by the authors and may not conform to ODP publication formats.

A site map showing the drilling locations for this leg and maps showing the drilling locations of all Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) drilling sites are available on the volume CD in PDF format.

Beginning with Initial Reports Volume 176 and Scientific Results Volume 169, all Proceedings volumes will be published on CD-ROM and the World Wide Web at www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/. 

Cover photograph of free-fall funnel cone deployed from the JOIDES Resolution.

Foreword

By Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.

This volume presents scientific and engineering results from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). These results address the scientific and technical goals of the program, which are focused on the study of the dynamics of Earth’s interior and environment.

ODP, an international partnership of scientists and research institutions from 22 countries, operates the drillship JOIDES Resolution. This state-of-the-art research vessel contains seven levels of laboratories and other scientific facilities required for carrying out the program’s objectives.

The management of ODP involves a partnership of scientists and governments. International oversight and coordination are provided by the ODP Council, which is made up of representatives from the member countries. Overall scientific and management guidance is provided by representatives from the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES).

Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. (JOI), a nonprofit consortium of eleven U.S. oceanographic institutions, serves as the National Science Foundation’s prime contractor for ODP. JOI implements scientific objectives, plans, and recommendations of the JOIDES committees through major subcontracts to Texas A&M University (TAMU) for science operations and to Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University for logging services.

JOI, TAMU, and LDEO have worked together successfully for many years to manage the Ocean Drilling Program. We look forward to many exciting discoveries and continued international collaboration as we further our scientific mission, especially the planning for the future of ocean drilling beyond 2003.

James D. Watkins
Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)
President
Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.
Washington, D.C.

Ocean Drilling Program*

*At time of publication. See Publisher’s Notes, for list of funding agencies at
time of cruise. For an up-to-date list of current member organizations and office
contact information, see the ODP Web site: www.oceandrilling.org.

National Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Boulevard 
Arlington, VA 22230, U.S.A.
Tel: (703) 306-1581; Fax: (703) 306-0390
Web site: www.nsf.gov

Member Organizations of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES)

University of California at San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

University of Hawaii, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science

Oregon State University, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences

University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences

Texas A&M University, College of Geosciences

University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Geophysics

University of Washington, College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Australia/Canada/Chinese Taipei/Korea Consortium for Ocean Drilling: Department of Primary Industries and Energy (Australia), Natural Resources Canada (Canada), National Taiwan University in Taipei, and Korean Institute for Geology, Mining and Minerals

European Science Foundation Consortium for Ocean Drilling (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland

Federal Republic of Germany, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe

France, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer

Japan, University of Tokyo, Ocean Research Institute

People’s Republic of China, Marine High-Technology Bureau of the State Science and Technology Commission of the People’s Republic of China

United Kingdom, Natural Environment Research Council

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)
Web site: www.oceandrilling.org

Leg 178 Participants*

*Mailing addresses at time of cruise. Addresses may be updated. Send requests to pub_production@odpemail.tamu.edu.

Shipboard Scientific Party

ODP Shipboard Personnel

Publications Staff

*At time of publication.
†Lead staff members for this volume.

Acknowledgments

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178 benefited greatly from the support of the captain, crew, and technicians aboard the JOIDES Resolution who shared with us the unusually difficult working conditions of the Southern Ocean. We are particularly grateful to Ron Grout, operations manager, for his cooperation and friendship through all of the various problems that afflicted Antarctic margin drilling. The success of Leg 178 owed much to his professional experience and approach. We also thank our lab officer, Gus Gustafson, and his staff of marine technicians, whose enthusiasm more than compensated for any lack of experience.

Because of its particular location, Leg 178 was greatly dependent on the work and support of various individuals and organizations: the captain and crew of the Polar Duke, who provided continuous ice monitoring (and opportunities for exchange visits); Andrew Caldwell, ice observer on board the JOIDES Resolution; the captain and crew of the R.M. Gould, which carried ODP technical equipment from Punta Arenas to Palmer Station; the staff at Palmer Station, for cargo handling and for hosting some of us during a brief visit; and Deutscher Wetterdienst, for providing regular and reliable weather forecasts.

We are grateful to the Sedimentary and Geochemical Processes Panel (SGPP) and the ODP-created Detailed Planning Group, in particular, for supporting the science plan for drilling Leg 178 through the various stages of proposal evaluation and revision, and to Tim Francis and others at Texas A&M University (TAMU) for their efforts in making this leg possible once it had been scheduled. The plan for drilling was developed from the database of seismic reflection profiles compiled by the ANTOSTRAT Antarctic Peninsula Regional Working Group. We therefore also acknowledge the support of several national Antarctic programs (not all from ODP-subscribing countries) during the presite survey and planning. Also, many of the individuals who contributed data, time, and ideas to the two proposals on which the leg was based were not able to be members of the Shipboard Scientific Party. We would like to recognize the contributions of Jamie Austin, Dan Barker, Philip Bart, Luiz Gamboa, Dennis Hayes, Scott Ishman, Tom Janacek, Jim Kennett, Rob Larter, Amy Leventer, John McGinnis, Richard Murray, and Michele Rebesco. Finally, in preparing this volume, we have appreciated the competence and friendly cooperation of the ODP Publication Services staff.