ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The SEM observation by Masamichi Shiono and Itaru Koizumi performed on the Thalassiosira species was quite helpful. We thank Jack Baldauf for his discussion and review of initial manuscript.

This research used samples and/or data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). ODP is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and participating countries under management of Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc. One of the authors, M. Iwai, was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (Grant-in-Aid for scientific research (C) numbers 09839042 and 13640473), and Kochi University, and the other, D. Winter, by a generous grant from the Joint Oceanographic Institutions/U.S. Science Support Program.

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