Figure F18. Depths vs. concentration profiles for (A) alkalinity, and depths vs. excess (with respect to seawater) concentrations for (B) Ca²⁺ and (C) Mg²⁺. Because of the increase in salinity, the excess concentration was calculated as (M/Cl^- - a) × Cl^-, where M = Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, or Sr²⁺, and a = M/Cl^- of standard seawater (i.e., International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean [IAPSO]). The concentrations of (D) silica and (E) lithium were normalized to chlorinity to compensate for the concentration increase with increasing salinity.