APPENDIX

We closely followed the species concepts of Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) and Chaisson and Leckie (1993). Additional resources included Bolli and Saunders (1985), Pearson (1995), Chaisson and Pearson (1997), and Norris (1998). The notes briefly describe the 73 species observed at both sites (combined) and/or provide commentary regarding how we differentiated these taxa from other similar species. For each species the original reference is cited in the synonymies below and included in our reference list.

Beella praedigitata (Parker)

Globigerina praedigitata Parker, 1967, p. 151, pl. 19, figs. 5-8.

Beella praedigitata (Parker) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 232, pl. 58, figs. 2-5.

Comments: At Site 1143, B. praedigitata is observed in only one sample. At Site 1146 it is absent.

Candeina nitida d'Orbigny

Candeina nitida d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 107, pl, 2, figs. 27-28; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 229, pl. 57, figs. 6-8.

Comments: C. nitida is readily identifiable at both sites by its microperforate surface and sutural apertures. The trochospire can be moderate to high. The species is seen throughout its range, though in individual samples abundances are <1%.

Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermúdez)

Globigerina dissimilis Cushman and Bermúdez, 1937, p. 25, pl. 3, figs. 4-6.

Catapsydrax dissimilis (Cushman and Bermúdez) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 1, 3-8.

Comments: C. dissimilis has a small, compact test with a distinctly cancellate microstructure. Most notable is the aperture, which is covered by a single umbilical bulla that has two or more accessory openings around its margin. Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) and other authors assign morphotypes of C. dissimilis that have one accessory opening to the species Catapsydrax unicavus, whereas Bolli and Saunders (1985) treat these two species as synonymous. In samples having poor preservation, C. dissimilis can be mistaken for juvenile Globoquadrina venezuelana, though the bulla on C. dissimilis has a finer surface texture and is small and deflated relative to the last chamber of G. venezuelana.

Catapsydrax parvulus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan

Catapsydrax parvulus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957, p. 36, pl. 7, fig. 10a-c; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 7-9.

Comments: C. parvulus was observed in only two samples through its range at Site 1146. Bearing a single accessory opening, C. parvulus is differentiated from Catapsydrax unicavus by its much smaller size and more embracing chambers.

Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan

Catapsydrax unicavus Bolli, Loeblich, and Tappan, 1957, p. 37, pl. 7, fig. 9a-c; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 26, pl. 3, figs. 1-3.

Comments: In following Kennett and Srinivasan (1983), C. unicavus possesses an umbilical bulla that has a single aperture (see "Catapsydrax dissimilis").

Dentoglobigerina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis)

Globigerina altispira Cushman and Jarvis, 1936, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 13a-c.

Globigerina altispira globosa Bolli, 1957, p. 111, pl. 24, figs. 9a-10c.

Dentoglobigerina altispira altispira (Cushman and Jarvis) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 188, pl. 46, figs. 4-6.

Dentoglobigerina altispira globosa (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 189, pl. 44, fig. 4; pl. 46, figs. 7-9.

Dentoglobigerina altispira (Cushman and Jarvis) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 155, pl. 9, fig. 8.

Comments: At both Sites 1143 and 1146, D. altispira exhibits a wide range of variation in test size, stage of development (juvenile through adult), height of trochospire, and chamber embracement. We use the concept of a sensu latu form of D. altispira that has well-developed apertural teeth, a deep umbilicus, and a low to high trochospire. Juvenile forms exhibit a small test, coarse surface texture, four and one-half to five chambers in the final whorl, and an aperture open to the umbilicus.

Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny

Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny, 1826, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 1-4.

Globigerina (Globigerina) bulloides (d'Orbigny) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 36, pl. 6, figs. 4-6.

Comments: Abundant G. bulloides is widely interpreted as indicating high seasonal productivity in the upper water column, which in turn is associated with areas of upwelling (e.g., Duplessy et al., 1981). G. bulloides is observed sporadically at both sites in the South China Sea, and within any one sample its abundances are typically <1%. It is characterized by a smooth microstructure with fine pustules, four lobate chambers in the final whorl that increase rapidly in size, a high-arched rimless umbilical aperture, and a generally small test size, though exceptions are observed. Globigerina falconensis is distinguished from G. bulloides by a thin lip over a lower arched umbilical aperture.

Globigerina falconensis Blow

Globigerina falconensis, Blow, 1959, p. 177, pl. 9, figs. 40a-c; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 303, figs. 5.2, 4.

Globigerina (Globigerina) falconensis (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 40, pl. 7, figs. 1-3.

Comments: G. falconensis is rarely seen at Sites 1143 and 1146, and in individual samples its abundances are <1% (see "Globigerina bulloides").

Globigerina praebulloides Blow

Globigerina praebulloides Blow, 1959, p. 180, pl. 8, fig. 47a-c; pl. 9, fig. 48.

Globigerina (Globigerina) praebulloides (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 38, pl. 6, figs. 1-3.

Comments: G. praebulloides occurs in a single sample at Site 1146. G. praebulloides is similar to G. bulloides and is characterized by a thicker, heavier test with a lower aperture.

Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and Stainforth

Globigerinatella insueta Cushman and Stainforth, 1945, p. 69, pl. 13, figs. 7-9; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 228, pl. 56, fig. 2; pl. 57, figs. 4, 5; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 157, pl. 10, figs. 4-6; Pearson, 1995, p. 56, pl. 2, figs. 13-22.

Comments: The abundance of G. insueta is rare at Site 1146. Primitive forms of G. insueta can possess as few as one raised areal aperture or exhibit extensive sutural bullae and/or areal bullae (that are underlain by raised areal apertures when dissected). In accordance with Pearson (1995) and Chaisson and Leckie (1993) we found G. insueta to be fully intergradational with Globigerinita glutinata at Site 1146. Although both species possess a fine ultrastructure, G. glutinata is generally smaller in size and quadralobate in outline, compared with the distinctly spherical shape of G. insueta. G. insueta is distinguished from Praeorbulina sicana by its microperforate surface texture and the aforementioned apertures and bullae. See Pearson (1995) for a detail discussion of this genus and scanning electron photomicrographs of the species.

Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady)

Globigerina aequilateralis Brady, 1879, p. 285 (Brady, 1884, pl. 80, figs. 18-21).

Globigerinella aequilateralis (Brady) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 238, pl. 59, fig. 1; pl. 60, figs. 4-6.

Comments: At Sites 1143 and 1146, G. aequilateralis is found intermittently throughout its range and exhibits abundances of <1% in individual samples. G. aequilateralis has five to six chambers in the final whorl that increase very rapidly in size (see "Globigerinella obesa").

Globigerinella obesa (Bolli)

Globorotalia obesa Bolli, 1957, p. 119, pl. 29, figs. 2a-3.

Globigerinella obesa (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 234, pl. 59, figs. 2-5.

Comments: G. obesa is observed sporadically at Sites 1143 and 1146 with abundances in any one sample being <1%. G. obesa has four inflated chambers in the final whorl (Globigerinella aequilateralis has five to six chambers) that rapidly increase in size (compared to Globigerinella praesiphonifera). However, its chambers are more embracing than those of Globigerinella calida, which makes it less lobate in outline. Our concept of G. obesa incorporates Globigerinella pseudobesa.

Globigerinita glutinata (Egger)

Globigerina glutinata Egger, 1893, p. 371, pl. 13, figs. 19-21.

Globigerinita glutinata (Egger) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 224, pl. 56, figs. 1, 3-5.

Comments: G. glutinata is readily recognized by its smooth surface texture, small test size, and, in many individuals, the presence of an apertural bulla. At both Sites 1143 and 1146, G. glutinata is found in nearly all of the examined samples, though abundances ranged from <1% to ~30%.

Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg)

Pylodexia uvula Ehrenberg, 1861, pl. 2, figs. 24-25.

Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 224, pl. 56, figs. 6-8.

Comments: G. uvula is differentiated from Globigerinita glutinata by the high spire of its test. G. uvula was not observed at Site 1143, though at Site 1146 it was observed in a few samples and at abundances of <1%.

Globigerinoides altiapertura Bolli

Globigerinoides triloba altiapertura Bolli, 1957, p. 113, pl. 25, fig. 7a-c.

Globigerinoides altiapertura (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 54, pl. 10, fig. 1; pl. 11, figs. 4-6; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 157, pl. 2, figs. 9-11.

Comments: G. altiapertura bears a nearly circular primary aperture and a large secondary aperture. Tests that have a primary aperture that is wider than tall are considered to be Globigerinoides obliquus. G. altiapertura was not observed at Site 1143, whereas at Site 1146 it was observed in a few samples and at abundances of <1%.

Globigerinoides bisphericus Todd

Globigerinoides bisphericus Todd, 1954, p. 681, pl. 1, figs. 1a-c, 4; Jenkins et al., 1981, p. 265, pl. 1, fig. 1a-c.

Comments: The definition of G. bisphericus by Jenkins et al. (1981) is closely adhered to in differentiating this species from its descendent, Praeorbulina sicana (which marks the base of Zone N8). A specimen in which the final chamber envelopes 15%-20% of the test (more than Globigerinoides triloba but less than P. sicana), has two slitlike apertures, and a shallow umbilicus was identified as G. bisphericus. Specimens of P. sicana exhibited greater envelopment, at least three apertures, and no umbilicus (see "Praeorbulina sicana").

Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady)

Globigerina conglobata Brady, 1879, p. 28b.

Globigerinoides conglobatus (Brady) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 58, pl. 12, figs. 4-6.

Comments: G. conglobatus was observed throughout its range at Sites 1143 and 1146, though abundances were typically rare in any one sample. The species exhibits a large, compact test with embracing chambers and a broad, low primary aperture; some specimens are also heavily calcified.

Globigerinoides extremus Bolli and Bermúdez

Globigerinoides obliquus extremus Bolli and Bermúdez, 1965, p. 139, pl. 1, figs. 10-12; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 194, fig. 20.11.

Globigerinoides extremus (Bolli and Bermúdez) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 58, pl. 12, figs. 1-3.

Comments: G. extremus is observed throughout its anticipated range at both sites, though abundances vary widely from sample to sample. G. extremus is differentiated from Globigerinoides obliquus by its laterally compressed ultimate chamber, which in later forms can have a "flattened slope" or "beret" appearance. Both Berggren et al. (1995) and Chaisson and Pearson (1997) note the FO of G. extremus to be coincident with the FO of Globigerinoides plesiotumida. However, at Site 1143 the FO of G. extremus was ~31 m higher in the column, whereas at Site 1146 the two first occurrences were nearly coincident.

Globigerinoides mitra Todd

Globigerinoides mitra Todd, 1957, p. 302, figs. 3, 6.

Comments: G. mitra is observed in only a single sample from Site 1146. It has a large primary aperture that is located directly over the suture between two earlier chambers. Thus, G. mitra is similar to Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerinoides subquadratus. However, it is distinguished from these two species by its larger ultimate chamber and finer surface structure.

Globigerinoides obliquus Bolli

Globigerinoides obliquus obliquus Bolli, 1957, p. 113, pl. 25, fig. 10a-c.

Globigerinoides obliquus (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 56, pl. 11, figs. 7-9; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 158, pl. 2, figs. 1-2.

Comments: In following Chaisson and Leckie (1993) a broad concept is applied to G. obliquus. It is differentiated from Globigerinoides extremus by having a more inflated final chamber (less laterally compressed) and from Globigerinoides altiapertura by possessing a primary aperture that is wider than it is tall. At Sites 1143 and 1146, G. obliquus has a long-ranging occurrence and its abundance varies from present to dominant in individual samples.

Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny)

Globigerina rubra d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 82, pl. 4, figs. 12-14.

Globigerinoides ruber (d'Orbigny) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 78, pl. 10, fig. 6; pl. 17, figs. 1-3.

Comments: G. ruber is a distinct though very uncommon species at both sites and exhibits widely varying abundances in individual samples. The homeomorph Globigerinoides subquadratus is not observed at Site 1143, but it is found below the first occurrence of G. ruber at Site 1146.

Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady)

Globigerina sacculifera Brady, 1877, p. 164, pl. 9, figs. 7-10.

Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 66, pl. 14, figs. 4-6; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 158, pl. 2, fig. 16.

Comments: This long-ranging species is found throughout the sediment column and often in very high abundances at both sites. G. sacculifer is gradational with several closely related species, specifically, Globigerinoides triloba, Globigerinoides quadrilobatus, and Globigerinoides immaturus. As a consequence of this gradation, we group the latter two species with G. sacculifer, but we do differentiate G. triloba. The aforementioned grouping is based on the observation that when the final sacklike, gametogenic chamber of G. sacculifer is removed by dissection, the remaining test is indistinguishable from G. quadrilobatus and G. immaturus. We differentiate G. triloba from G. sacculifer by the former having a strongly cancellate microstructure, embracing chambers, and very low-arched apertures.

Globigerinoides subquadratus Brönnimann

Globigerinoides subquadratus Brönnimann, 1954, p. 680, pl. 1, fig. 8a-c; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 74, pl. 16, figs. 1-3; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 159, pl. 2, fig. 12.

Comments: This homeomorph of Globigerinoides ruber is consistently observed only at Site 1146 and often in great abundances. Its last occurrence is below the first occurrence of G. ruber.

Globigerinoides triloba (Reuss)

Globigerina triloba Reuss, 1850, p. 374, pl. 447, fig. 11a-c.

Globigerinoides triloba (Reuss) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 62, pl. 10, fig. 4; pl. 13, figs. 1-3.

Globigerinoides trilobus (Reuss) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 196, fig. 20.15.

Comments: G. trilobus is rarely seen at Site 1143. At Site 1146 G. triloba is much more common throughout its range, though its abundance within individual samples is rare. We differentiate G. triloba from Globigerinoides sacculifer by the strongly cancellate and compact test of the former taxon and its very low-arched apertures (see "Praeorbulina sicana," "Globigerinoides bisphericus," and "Globigerinoides sacculifer").

Globoquadrina baroemoenensis (LeRoy)

Globigerina baroemoenensis LeRoy, 1939, p. 263, pl. 6, figs. 1-2.

Globoquadrina baroemoenensis (LeRoy) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 186, pl. 46, figs. 1-3; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 159, pl. 9, figs. 5-7.

Comments: At Sites 1143 and 1146 G. baroemoenensis exhibits abundances of <1% in the few samples where it is observed. It is characterized by four slightly compressed chambers in the final whorl, an open umbilicus, and a small apertural tooth on the last chamber. Globoquadrina venezuelana and Dentoglobiquadrina altispira are similar species, though the former can be differentiated from G. baroemoenensis by more embracing chambers, a less open umbilicus, and the lack of an apertural tooth. D. altispira has four or more chambers with no compression, a wider umbilicus, and typically an apertural tooth on the last two or three chambers.

Globoquadrina binaiensis (Koch)

Globigerina binaiensis Koch, 1935, p. 558.

Globoquadrina binaiensis (Koch) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 182, pl. 44, figs. 1, 3; pl. 45, figs. 1-3.

Comments: The presence of G. binaiensis, among other secondary planktonic foraminiferal markers, constrains the age of the bottom of Site 1146 to Zone N5. The species exhibits three chambers in the final whorl that rapidly increase in size. The final chamber is enlarged and bears a distinctly flattened, broad, partially imperforate apertural face, which is as wide as the test itself. Similar species include Globoquadrina sellii and Globoquadrina dehiscens, though the former is differentiated from G. binaiensis by the flattened face on the final chamber, whereas the latter is differentiated by having three and one-half to four chambers in the final whorl.

Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins)

Globorotalia dehiscens Chapman, Parr, and Collins, 1934, p. 569, pl. 11, fig. 36a-c.

Globoquadrina dehiscens (Chapman, Parr, and Collins) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 184, pl. 44, fig. 2; pl. 45, figs. 7-9.

Comments: G. dehiscens was not observed at Site 1143, whereas at Site 1146 it occurs throughout its range and with widely varying abundances from one sample to the next. We observed both adult and juvenile tests that have a flat spiral side, three and one-half to four embracing chambers in the final whorl, and a final chamber that bears a flattened face (resembling an "anvil") (see "Globoquadrina binaiensis").

Globoquadrina sellii Borsetti

Globoquadrina sellii Borsetti, 1959, p. 209, pl. 1, fig. 3a-d.

Globigerina sellii (Borsetti) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 181, fig. 14.11.

Comments: G. sellii was observed only in two samples near the base of the section at Site 1146 and with abundances of <1%. G. sellii is distinguished from Globoquadrina binaiensis by having a somewhat compressed but perforate apertural face on the final chamber and chambers in the final whorl that increase more slowly in size. Globoquadrina dehiscens is also similar to G. sellii, though it has three and one-half to four chambers in the final whorl.

Globoquadrina venezuelana (Hedberg)

Globigerina venezuelana Hedberg, 1937, p. 681, pl. 92, fig. 72b.

Globoquadrina venezuelana (Hedberg) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 180, pl. 44, figs. 5-7.

Comments: G. venezuelana is observed sporadically at both sites in the South China Sea, and its abundance in any one sample is rare. In general, the species has a large test, though juvenile forms were observed. Our concept of G. venezuelana closely follows that of Kennett and Srinivasan (1983), where the final whorl has four embracing chambers that rapidly increase in size and a final chamber that lacks an apertural tooth. Occasionally a fifth, kummerform-like chamber may be seen over the umbilicus. Similar species are "Dentoglobigerina altispira," "Globoquadrina baroemoenensis," and "Catapsydrax dissimilis;" see the comments for each of these species.

Globorotalia archeomenardii Bolli

Globorotalia archeomenardii Bolli, 1957, p. 119, pl. 28, fig. 11a-c; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 220, fig. 32.6a-c; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 160, pl. 5, figs. 16-20.

Globorotalia (Menardella) archeomenardii (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 122, pl. 28, figs. 3-5.

Comments: G. archeomenardii is observed over a limited range at Site 1146, and its abundance is rare in individual samples. Our concept of G. archeomenardii follows that illustrated by Kennett and Srinivasan (1983). Specifically, G. archeomenardii is similar to Globorotalia praemenardii except it is generally smaller in size with a less lobate periphery and it lacks a raised keel (but in some instances it has an imperforate band). Globorotalia praescitula has a less acute margin in edge view and only four to four and one-half elongated, crescentic chambers (particularly the final chamber).

Globorotalia birnageae Blow

Globorotalia birnageae Blow, 1959, p. 210, pl. 17, fig. 108a-c; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 160, pl. 4, figs. 19-22.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) birnageae (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 94, pl. 21, figs. 6-8.

Comments: G. birnageae has a smaller size, more rounded periphery, and a more circular outline than Globorotalia peripheroronda. The ultimate chamber of the species is characterized by a pronounced flaplike lip that can resemble an apertural plate.

Globorotalia cibaoensis Bermúdez

Globorotalia cibaoensis Bermúdez, 1949, p. 285, pl. 22, figs. 21-23; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 160, pl. 6, figs. 12-14, 19.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) cibaoensis (Bermúdez) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 136, pl. 32, figs. 1-3.

Comments: G. cibaoensis is occasionally observed through its range at both sites, and its abundance is often <1% in any one sample. The species exhibits considerable variability, having four to four and one-half chambers in the final whorl, a biconvex to slightly planoconvex edge view (flattened more on the spiral side), and a low, sometimes slightly arching, aperture. Similar species include Globorotalia scitula (four to five less inflated chambers with a slitlike aperture and sweeping, crescentic chambers, particularly the final chamber), Globorotalia juanai (having an umbilically inflated final chamber), and Globorotalia margaritae (a thinner test, concave umbilical side, and thin keel).

Globorotalia conoidea Walters

Globorotalia miozea conoidea Walters, 1965, p. 124, figs. 8, I-M.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) conoidea (Walters) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 112, pl. 26, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia conoidea (Walters) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 276, figs. 7.14a-15c.

Comments: G. conoidea is found intermittently at both Sites 1143 and 1146, and its abundance is <1% in individual samples. Similar species include Globorotalia miozea (less vaulted on the umbilical side and having a less distinct keel than G. conoidea); Globorotalia conomiozea (having a more highly vaulted umbilical side with a nearly flat spiral side); and Globorotalia tumida (possessing a larger test, thicker keel, and a more oblate outline) (also see "Globorotalia tumida").

Globorotalia fohsi s.l. Cushman and Ellisor

Globorotalia fohsi Cushman and Ellisor, 1939, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 6a-c.

Globorotalia lobata Bermúdez, 1949, p. 286, pl. 22, figs. 15-17.

Globorotalia fohsi robusta Bolli, 1950, pp. 84, 89, pl. 15, figs. 3a-c.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi fohsi (Cushman and Ellisor) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 100, pl. 23, figs. 1-3.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi lobata (Bermúdez) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 100, pl. 21, fig. 2; pl. 23, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) fohsi robusta (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 102, pl. 23, figs. 7-9.

Globorotalia fohsi s.l. (Cushman and Ellisor) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 160, pl. 3, figs. 1-4.

Comments: Our concept of G. fohsi s.l. incorporates the subspecies G. fohsi fohsi, G. fohsi lobata, and G. fohsi robusta (also see Chaisson and Leckie, 1993). This follows in part the reasoning presented by Bolli and Saunders (1985) that the "cockscomb" chambers indicative of fully carinate G. fohsi lobata also occur on partially carinate Globorotalia praefohsi. G. fohsi s.l. is recognized by having an imperforate band and/or a thin raised keel around the entire final whorl of its test. In edge view the last few chambers of the final whorl are sharply tapered to form an acute peripheral margin with a thin keel. At Site 1146 the abundance of G. fohsi s.l. is rare throughout its range (see "Globorotalia praefohsi").

Globorotalia juanai Bermúdez and Bolli

Globorotalia juanai Bermúdez and Bolli, 1969, pp. 171, 172, pl. 14, figs. 1-6; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 216, figs. 30.20-21a-c, 30.22-24; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 161, pl. 6, figs. 17, 18.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) juanai (Bermúdez and Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 134, pl. 31, figs. 6-8.

Comments: G. juanai is observed in few samples at both sites, and its abundance in any one sample is rare. The species is identified by four to four and one-half chambers in the final whorl, inflated chambers on the umbilical side, and the absence of a keel. Similar species include Globorotalia scitula and Globorotalia margaritae, where the former has a rounded biconvex edge view and the latter is thinner and convex on the ventral side (also see "Globorotalia cibaoensis").

Globorotalia lenguaensis s.l. Bolli

Globorotalia lenguaensis Bolli, 1957, p. 120, pl. 29, fig. 5a-c.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) paralenguaensis (Bolli) Blow, 1969, p. 402, pl. 46, figs. 1-6.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) lenguaensis (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 152, pl. 36, figs. 5-7.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) paralenguaensis (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 154, pl. 37, figs. 1-3.

Globorotalia lenguaensis s.l. (Bolli) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 161, pl. 7, figs. 16-20.

Comments: G. lenguaensis s.l. is found sporadically through its anticipated range at Site 1146, often in rare abundances. The species typically has an oblate form, appears biconvex in edge view, lacks a peripheral keel, and is differentiated from Globorotalia scitula by having six to seven chambers in the final whorl. For this study our concept of G. lenguaensis s.l. incorporates G. paralenguaensis.

Globorotalia limbata (Fornasini)

Rotalia limbata Fornasini, 1902, pp. 30, 31, pl. 5, fig. 3 (lectotype).

Globorotalia (Menardella) limbata (Fornasini) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 124, pl. 29, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia limbata (Fornasini) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 161, pl. 5, fig. 10.

Comments: In agreement with Chaisson and Leckie (1993), this species has seven to eight chambers in the final whorl, a circular to slightly oblate outline, and a symmetrical, narrow edge view. Similar tests having five to six and one-half chambers in the final whorl are designated as Globorotalia menardii, and those with nine or more chambers are designated as Globorotalia multicamerata. G. limbata has a single occurrence at Site 1143, but it is more prevalent in the sediments of Site 1146, though its abundance in each sample is typically rare.

Globorotalia margaritae Bolli and Bermúdez

Globorotalia margaritae Bolli and Bermúdez, 1965, p. 132, pl. 1, figs. 16-18; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 217, 30.1-5, 30.9-14; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 161, pl. 6, figs. 5-9.

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) margaritae (Bolli and Bermúdez) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 136, pl. 32, figs. 4-6.

Comments: G. margaritae has a limited record at both South China Sea sites, and in samples where it is observed its abundance is rare. This limited range is due to its FO being in Zone N19 (above the FO of Sphaeroidinella dehiscens). G. margaritae is differentiated from similar species (Globorotalia cibaoensis and Globorotalia scitula) by its thinner test, concave umbilical side, and thin keel.

Globorotalia menardii s.l. (Parker, Jones, and Brady)

Rotalia menardii Parker, Jones, and Brady, 1865, p. 20, pl. 3, fig. 81.

Globorotalia (Menardella) menardii (Parker, Jones, and Brady) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 124, pl. 28, fig. 2; pl. 29, figs. 1-3; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 220, 34.1-10.

Globorotalia menardii s.l. (Parker, Jones, and Brady) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 161, pl. 5, figs. 7-9, 15.

Comments: G. menardii s.l. is seen consistently throughout its range at both sites, though abundances are rare in any one sample. Our concept of the species is broad (particularly with respect to size), though recognition is limited to tests that have a circular to subcircular peripheral outline; symmetrical and "thin" edge view compared to the Globorotalia tumida lineage; five to six and one-half chambers in the final whorl; and a raised keel that ranges from delicate to heavy. These characteristics are sufficient to differentiate G. menardii s.l. from similar species such as G. tumida (thicker, teardrop shape in edge view); Globorotalia plesiotumida (a lobate ultimate chamber and asymmetrical in edge view); Globorotalia merotumida (vaulted umbilical side); Globorotalia limbata (possessing seven to eight chambers); and Globorotalia multicamerata (nine or more chambers).

Globorotalia merotumida Blow and Banner

Globorotalia merotumida Blow and Banner, 1965, p. 1352, text fig. 1; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 225, fig. 33.7; Chaisson and Leckie, p. 161, pl. 7, figs. 11-15.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) merotumida (Blow and Banner) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 154, pl. 37, figs. 4-6.

Comments: At Sites 1143 and 1146, G. merotumida is often abundant throughout its range (see "Globorotalia plesiotumida" and "Globorotalia menardii").

Globorotalia multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis

Globorotalia multicamerata (d'Orbigny) var. multicamerata Cushman and Jarvis, 1930, p. 367, pl. 34, fig. 8a-c.

Globorotalia (Menardella) multicamerata (Cushman and Jarvis) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 126, pl. 29, figs. 7-9.

Globorotalia multicamerata (Cushman and Jarvis) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 224, fig. 32.5a-c, p. 229, figs. 35.16-19.

Comments: G. multicamerata is differentiated from Globorotalia limbata by having a more circular periphery and nine or more chambers in the final whorl. The species is absent at Site 1143, and it is observed in three samples at Site 1146 (see "Globorotalia limbata").

Globorotalia peripheroacuta Blow and Banner

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) peripheroacuta Blow and Banner, 1966, p. 294, pl. 1, fig. 2a-c.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) peripheroacuta (Blow and Banner) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 96, pl. 22, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia fohsi peripheroacuta (Blow and Banner) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 213, figs. 29.5a-c, 29.13a-c.

Globorotalia peripheroacuta (Blow and Banner) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 162, pl. 3, figs. 14-15.

Comments: Later forms of G. peripheroacuta are distinguished from Globorotalia praefohsi by its coarser wall texture and a pinched (axially compressed) but distinctly rounded peripheral margin in the last few chambers (see "Globorotalia praefohsi").

Globorotalia peripheroronda Blow and Banner

Globorotalia (Turborotalia) peripheroronda Blow and Banner, 1966, p. 294, pl. 1, fig. 1a-c.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) peripheroronda (Blow and Banner) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 96, pl. 22, figs. 1-3.

Globorotalia fohsi peripheroronda (Blow and Banner) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 213, figs. 29.6a-c, 29.14a-c.

Globorotalia peripheroronda (Blow and Banner) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 162, pl. 3, figs. 11, 19, 20.

Comments: G. peripheroronda is the first species in the evolutionary lineage of the Globorotalia (Fohsella) spp. Its later forms are gradational with Globorotalia peripheroacuta. G. peripheroronda is distinguished from the latter by its coarser wall texture and broadly rounded peripheral margin. It is distinguished from Paragloborotalia mayeri by its low aperture and less inflated chambers.

Globorotalia plesiotumida Blow and Banner

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) tumida plesiotumida Blow and Banner, 1965, p. 1353, fig. 2a-c.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) plesiotumida (Blow and Banner) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 156, pl. 37, figs. 7-9.

Globorotalia plesiotumida (Blow and Banner) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 227, fig. 33.5; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 162, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2, 6-10.

Comments: G. plesiotumida is a species that is highly gradational with Globorotalia merotumida. To differentiate the two we follow the criteria of Kennett and Srinivasan (1983) and Chaisson and Leckie (1993) (i.e., specimens that have a final chamber with a length to width ratio equal to one or greater, as viewed on the spiral side were accepted as G. plesiotumida). Viewed from the umbilical side, G. plesiotumida has a distinctly more lobate final chamber than G. merotumida. G. plesiotumida is differentiated from Globorotalia menardii by its more oblate peripheral outline and its more asymmetrical edge view (flatter on the spiral side and more vaulted on the umbilical side).

Globorotalia praefohsi Blow and Banner

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) praefohsi Blow and Banner, 1966, p. 295, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4; pl. 2, figs. 6, 7, 10, 11.

Globorotalia (Fohsella) praefohsi (Blow and Banner) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 98, pl. 22, figs. 7-9.

Globorotalia fohsi praefohsi (Blow and Banner) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 213, figs. 29.3a-c, 29.11a, b.

Globorotalia praefohsi (Blow and Banner) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 162, pl. 3, figs. 5-7.

Comments: Our species concept of G. praefohsi is a gradational form between Globorotalia peripheroacuta and Globorotalia fohsi that can be partly keeled, or possess a partial imperforate band, or possess an acute margin that is perforate (also see Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993). For example, late forms of G. "praefoshi" are distinguished from G. fohsi s.l. by the presence of an imperforate band and/or a thin raised keel that is limited to the last two or three chambers of the final whorl. G. praefoshi is distinguished from G. peripheroacuta by a tapered and distinctly acute peripheral margin on the last two or three chambers of the final whorl and a smoother microstructure.

Globorotalia praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth

Globorotalia praemenardii Cushman and Stainforth, 1945, p. 70, pl. 13, fig. 14a-c; Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 220, 32.7a-c; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 162, pl. 5, figs. 12-14.

Globorotalia (Menardella) praemenardii (Cushman and Stainforth) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 122, pl. 28, figs. 6-8.

Comments: G. praemenardii occurs regularly through its anticipated range at Site 1146, though its abundance is rare. The species is differentiated from its ancestor, Globorotalia archeomenardii, by being larger and possessing a keel, and from its descendent, Globorotalia menardii, by being smaller, less calcified, and having only five to five and one-half chambers in the final whorl, and a thinner keel.

Globorotalia praescitula Blow

Globorotalia scitula (Brady) subsp. praescitula Blow, 1959, p. 221, pl. 19, fig. 128a-c.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) praescitula (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 108, pl. 24, fig. 1; pl. 25, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia praescitula (Blow) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 162, pl. 4, figs. 7-11.

Comments: At Site 1146 G. praescitula occurs throughout its range and with abundances in any one sample being <1%. G. praescitula is differentiated from its descendant Globorotalia scitula by its smaller test and more inflated umbilical side.

Globorotalia scitula (Brady)

Pulvinulina scitula Brady, 1882, p. 27, pl. 5, fig. 5 (lectotype).

Globorotalia (Hirsutella) scitula (Brady) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 134, pl. 31, figs. 1, 3-5.

Comments: G. scitula is frequently observed through its long range at Sites 1143 and 1146, though in individual samples abundances are <1%. G. scitula is differentiated from Globorotalia cibaoensis by a narrower aperture, less inflated chambers, and by having more elongate, crescentic chambers. Unlike G. scitula, Globorotalia praescitula is characterized by its more inflated umbilical side.

Globorotalia tumida (Brady)

Pulvinulina menardii (d'Orbigny) var. tumida Brady, 1877, pl. 103, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia (Globorotalia) tumida tumida (Brady) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 158, pl. 36, fig. 1; pl. 38, figs. 1-3.

Globorotalia tumida (Brady) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 163, pl. 7, figs. 3-5.

Comments: G. tumida s.s. is recognized by its large, oblate form in umbilical view and swollen, teardrop shape opposite the final chamber as seen in edge view. The test bears a heavy and wide keel and is strongly pustulose near the umbilicus. G. tumida can be mistaken for especially tumid (and evolutionarily late) forms of Globorotalia merotumida and forms of Globorotalia conoidea that are not highly vaulted. However, these latter species are generally smaller in size, more circular in equatorial view, have thinner keels, and are less calcified. G. tumida is consistently thicker and more tumid in edge view than large, heavily keeled forms of G. menardii.

Globorotalia cf. G. zealandica Hornibrook

Globorotalia cf. G. zealandica Hornibrook, 1958, p. 667, figs. 18, 19, 30.

Globorotalia (Globoconella) zealandica (Hornibrook) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 108, pl. 25, figs. 1-3.

Comments: G. zealandica was observed low in the section at Site 1146 and always with abundances of <1% in any one sample. G. zealandica resembles Globorotalia praescitula, except that the former has four chambers (instead of four to four and one-half for G. praescitula), greater umbilical vaulting, and an aperture with a rimmed arch.

Globorotaloides hexagona (Natland)

Globigerina hexagona Natland, 1938, p. 149, pl. 7, fig. 1a-c.

Globorotaloides hexagona (Natland) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 216, pl. 54, figs. 1, 3-5.

Comments: Globorotaloides hexagona makes a single appearance at Site 1146 (see "Globorotaloides variabilis").

Globorotaloides variabilis Bolli

Globorotaloides variabilis Bolli, 1957, p. 117, pl. 27, figs. 15a-20c; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 214, pl. 53, figs. 2, 6-8; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 164, pl. 9, fig. 3.

Comments: G. variabilis is observed in only four samples from Site 1146, and its abundance is rare. G. variabilis possesses a distinctly cancellate surface and five to six chambers in the final whorl that increase rapidly in size. The rapidly enlarging chambers and lack of an apertural lip help distinguish it from juvenile forms of Dentoglobigerina altispira. Although trochospiral, the species is also recognized by its flattened spiral side. Blow (1969) considered G. variabilis to be a subspecies of Globorotaloides hexagona, but we differentiate the two by the former having more embracing chambers and a subacute peripheral margin.

Globoturborotalita apertura (Cushman)

Globigerina apertura Cushman, 1918, p. 57, pl. 12, fig. 8a-c.

Globoturborotalita apertura (Cushman) Hofker, 1976, pp. 47-53.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) apertura (Cushman) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 4-6.

Comments: In the South China Sea G. apertura is rarely observed in the sediment column at Site 1143, though it is frequently seen at Site 1146. At both sites its abundance is rare in individual samples. The species is differentiated from Globoturborotalita woodi by having a larger and wider aperture. High-spired forms are identified as Globoturborotalita decoraperta, though these two species are gradational.

Globoturborotalita decoraperta (Takayanagi and Saito)

Globigerina druryi Akers decoraperta Takayanagi and Saito, 1962, p. 85, pl. 28, fig. 10a-c.

Globoturborotalita decoraperta (Takayanagi and Saito) Hofker, 1976, pp. 47-53.

Globigerina decoraperta (Takayanagi and Saito) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 48, pl. 9, figs. 4-6.

Comments: G. decoraperta occurs sporadically at both South China Sea sites and with abundances of <1% in any one sample. We consider this species to be a high-spired morphotype of Globoturborotalita apertura (see "Globoturborotalita apertura").

Globoturborotalita druryi (Akers)

Globigerina druryi Akers, 1955, p. 654, pl. 65, fig. 1.

Globoturborotalita druryi (Akers) Hofker, 1976, pp. 47-53.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) druryi (Akers) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 46, pl. 8, figs. 7-9.

Comments: For Site 1146, G. druryi is observed throughout its anticipated range and in rare abundances. Late forms of G. druryi overlap and are highly gradational with early forms of Globoturborotalita nepenthes. G. druryi is distinguished from G. nepenthes by having a smaller, more compact test, a small, low-arched aperture, and four to four and one-half chambers in the final whorl that increase uniformly in size (see "Globoturborotalita nepenthes").

Globoturborotalita nepenthes (Todd)

Globigerina nepenthes Todd, 1957, p. 301, fig. 7a, b.

Globoturborotalita nepenthes (Todd) Hofker, 1976, pp. 47-53.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) nepenthes (Todd) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 48, pl. 9, figs. 1-3.

Comments: The abundance of G. nepenthes varies from rare to abundant throughout its range at Sites 1143 and 1146. For Site 1146 early forms of G. nepenthes overlap and are gradational with Globoturborotalita druryi. It is distinguished from G. druryi by having a larger, more oblate, droopy form, a distinctly raised apertural lip, and a more elongate final chamber resembling a protruding thumb.

Globoturborotalita woodi (Jenkins)

Globigerina woodi Jenkins, 1960, p. 352, pl. 2, fig. 2a-c.

Globoturborotalita woodi (Jenkins) Hofker, 1976, pp. 47-53.

Globigerina (Turborotalita) woodi woodi (Jenkins) Chaproniere, 1981, p. 124, pls. 1, 2.

Globigerina (Zeaglobigerina) woodi (Jenkins) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 43, pl. 7, figs. 4-6.

Comments: G. woodi is observed through its long range at Sites 1143 and 1146, while its abundance varies from rare to abundant. It has a compact test with a low to moderate trochospire, cancellate surface, chambers that increase slowly in size, and a round, symmetrical aperture with a thin rim. Forms having a large, wide aperture in the final chamber are considered to be Globoturborotalita apertura (or Globoturborotalita decoraperta if a high spire is present).

Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (Blow)

Globorotalia acostaensis Blow, 1959, p. 208, pl. 17, fig. 106a-c.

Neogloboquadrina acostaensis (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 196, pl. 47, fig. 1; pl. 48, figs. 1-3; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 164, pl. 8, fig. 5.

Comments: N. acostaensis is seen throughout its range, though its abundance within individual samples is variable. Tests of N. acostaensis are distinguished from Neogloboquadrina humerosa by their smaller size, fewer chambers, and apertural plate. Some early forms of N. acostaensis possess a kummerform final chamber. Neogloboquadrina continuosa is distinguished from N. acostaensis by the absence of a kummerform chamber and/or an apertural plate, having a flat spiral side, and a high-arched aperture.

Neogloboquadrina continuosa (Blow)

Globorotalia opima Bolli subsp. continuosa Blow, 1959, p. 218, pl. 19, fig. 125a-c.

Neogloboquadrina continuosa (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 192, pl. 47, figs. 3-5.

Comments: N. continuosa is very uncommon through its range at Site 1143, though at Site 1146 it is slightly more prevalent. In all samples where the species is found, its abundance is rare. Our concept for N. continuosa is a test with four chambers rapidly increasing in size, a flat spiral side, and a high-arched aperture with a distinct rim.

Neogloboquadrina humerosa (Takayanagi and Saito)

Globorotalia humerosa Takayanagi and Saito, 1962, p. 78, pl. 28, figs. 1a-2b.

Neogloboquadrina humerosa (Takayanagi and Saito) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 196, pl. 48, figs. 4-6; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 164, pl. 8, figs. 7, 8.

Neogloboquadrina humerosa humerosa (Takayanagi and Saito) Bolli and Sanders, 1985, p. 208, fig. 27.8a-c, p. 209, fig. 28.15a-c.

Comments: N. humerosa is observed throughout its anticipated range at both sites, though it is rare in individual samples. N. humerosa exhibits five to six chambers in the final whorl and an aperture open to the umbilicus. N. humerosa is typically larger than Neogloboquadrina acostaensis and lacks the apertural plate characteristic of the latter taxon. In general, N. humerosa is similar in size to Neogloboquadrina dutertrei but is flatter on the spiral side and lacks the apertural teeth of the latter taxon.

Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg)

Aristospira pachyderma Ehrenberg, 1861, pp. 276, 277, 303.

Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 192, pl. 47, figs. 2, 6-8.

Comments: N. pachyderma (D) is observed sporadically at Sites 1143 and 1146, and its abundance is always rare. N. pachyderma has four to four and one-half embracing chambers, a cancellate surface, and a low arch aperture. The species is believed to have evolved from Neogloboquadrina continuosa, which has four chambers that increase rapidly in size, is less cancellate, has a flat dorsal (spiral) side, and a highly arched aperture.

Orbulina bilobata (d'Orbigny)

Globigerina bilobata d'Orbigny, 1846, p. 164, pl. 9, figs. 11-14.

Orbulina bilobata (d'Orbigny) Kennett and Srinivasan, (1983), p. 88, pl. 18, fig. 1; pl. 20, figs. 7-9.

Comments: O. bilobata is a long-ranging species that occurs throughout the sediment column at both sites, though in individual samples abundances are rare. Some authors (e.g., Bolli and Saunders, 1985) regard O. bilobata to be a variant of Orbulina universa and of no stratigraphic value.

Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann

Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann, 1951, p. 135, text fig. IV, figs. 15, 16, 20; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 86, pl. 20, figs. 1-3.

Comments: O. suturalis is seen throughout the sedimentary column at both sites and has individual sample abundances of <1%. The base of Zone N9 is marked by the FO of Orbulina spp. (following the tropical zonal scheme of Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983); thus, it is important to determine the FO of O. suturalis and the FO of Orbulina universa. The final chamber of O. suturalis has small apertures along its sutures as well as areal apertures. The presence of areal apertures and smaller sutural apertures differentiate this species from Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis (which lacks areal apertures), a species that is regarded as being the direct ancestor of O. universa and O. suturalis. O. universa is differentiated from O. suturalis by having a final chamber that completely envelops earlier chambers, thereby lacking the "Globigerina" chambers and small sutural apertures of the latter taxon.

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny, 1839, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 86, pl. 18, fig. 2; pl. 20, figs. 4-6.

Comments: O. universa is recognized by its completely enveloping final chamber and absence of "Globigerina" chambers and sutural apertures. It is observed, with greatly varying abundances, in nearly every sample examined at Sites 1143 and 1146 (see "Orbulina suturalis").

Paragloborotalia mayeri (Cushman and Ellisor)

Globorotalia mayeri Cushman and Ellisor, 1939, p. 11, pl. 2, fig. 4a-c.

Globorotalia siakensis LeRoy, 1939, p. 262, pl. 4, figs. 20-22.

Globorotalia (Jenkinsella) mayeri (Cushman and Ellisor) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 174, pl. 43, figs. 4-6.

Globorotalia (Jenkinsella) siakensis (LeRoy) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 172, pl. 42, figs. 1, 6-8.

Paragloborotalia mayeri (Cushman and Ellisor) Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 164, pl. 8, figs. 16-20.

Comments: Our concept of P. mayeri includes G. siakensis because of the highly gradational nature of these forms. Similar species are Globorotalia challengeri (smaller and more cancellate in the early chambers of the final whorl); Neogloboquadrina continuosa (having only four chambers in the final whorl); and Globorotalia peripheroronda (less inflated chambers and lower aperture). In uppermost Zone N6 through lowermost Zone N8, some tests of P. mayeri are gradational with Globorotalia bella.

Paragloborotalia nana Bolli

Globorotalia opima nana Bolli, 1957, p. 118, pl. 28, fig. 3a-c.

"Globorotalia" nana (Bolli) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 106, pl. 24, figs. 3-5.

Comments: P. nana occurs in only a single sample at Site 1146. This species is similar to Neogloboquadrina continuosa, but it has four to four and one-half chambers in the final whorl (instead of four for N. continuosa) and a lower arched aperture.

Praeorbulina glomerosa s.l. (Blow)

Globigerinoides glomerosa curva Blow, 1956, p. 58, text fig. 1, n. 9-14.

Globigerinoides glomerosa glomerosa Blow, 1956, p. 58, text fig. 1, n. 15-19; text fig. 2, n. 1, 2.

Globigerinoides glomerosa circularis Blow, 1956, p. 58, text fig. 2, n. 3, 4.

Praeorbulina glomerosa curva (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 3, 4.

Praeorbulina glomerosa glomerosa (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 82, pl. 18, figs. 5-7.

Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis (Blow) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 84, pl. 19, figs. 1-5.

Comments: Our species concept of P. glomerosa s.l. includes the subspecies P. glomerosa curva, P. glomerosa glomerosa, and P. glomerosa circularis. At Site 1146 it is observed over a limited range of cores and in low abundances. P. glomerosa s.l. is characterized by slitlike or porelike sutural apertures and a final chamber that envelopes most of the test. It is differentiated from Orbulina suturalis by the final chamber lacking areal apertures and from Orbulina universa by the final chamber not fully enveloping all earlier chambers (see "Orbulina suturalis," and "Orbulina universa"). P. glomerosa s.l. is also similar to Praeorbulina sicana (see "Praeorbulina sicana").

Praeorbulina sicana (DeStefani)

Globigerinoides sicanus DeStefani, 1950, p. 9, fig. 6; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 62, pl. 13, figs. 4-6.

Praeorbulina sicana (DeStefani) Bolli and Saunders, 1985, p. 199, fig. 24.7; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 165, pl. 2, figs. 5, 6.

Comments: P. sicana was observed at Site 1146 in very low abundances throughout its anticipated range. The strict species concepts of Jenkins et al. (1981) and Chaisson and Leckie (1993) are used to differentiate P. sicana from Globigerinoides bisphericus and Praeorbulina glomerosa s.l. Specifically, P. sicana exhibits an envelopment of the test by the final chamber of 30%-40% (vs. 15%-20% [G. bisphericus] and 40%-70% [Praeorbulina glomerosa curva]); at least three slitlike to slightly arched apertures; a spherosity intermediate to G. bisphericus and P. glomerosa s.l.; and no umbilicus. Near the FO of this species, specimens of Globigerinoides subquadratus were observed with an inflated ultimate chamber bearing three high-arched apertures (similar to the P. sicana bearing four apertures pictured by Norris, 1998).

Pulleniatina primalis Banner and Blow

Pulleniatina primalis Banner and Blow, 1967, p. 142, pl. 1, figs. 3-8; pl. 3, fig. 2a-c; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 200, pl. 49, figs. 1, 3-5; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 165, pl. 8, fig. 1.

Comments: For this study the FO of P. primalis is marked by the rapid appearance of typical forms, though Sample 184-1143-26X-CC exhibited transitional forms. At Site 1146, P. primalis is more gradational with Neogloboquadrina acostaensis, though it is differentiated from the latter by a smoother test and lack of an apertural plate.

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and Jones)

Sphaeroidina bulloides d'Orbigny var. dehiscens Parker and Jones, 1865, p. 369, pl. 19, fig. 5.

Sphaeroidinella dehiscens (Parker and Jones) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 212, pl. 51, fig. 2; pl. 52, figs. 7-9.

Comments: S. dehiscens is recognized by the presence of a secondary aperture on the spiral side of the test. As noted by Norris (1998), the initial appearance of the secondary aperture is very small, slightly larger than a pore in the cortex. This makes the FO of the species difficult to distinguish from its ancestor, Sphaeroidinellopsis paenedehiscens. At Site 1146, morphotypes resembling Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi and Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina that possessed a secondary aperture were not identified as S. dehiscens.

Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi (Caudri)

Globigerina kochi Caudri, 1934, text fig. 8a, b.

Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi (Caudri) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 210, pl. 52, figs. 1-3; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 166, pl. 10, figs. 10, 14, 18.

Comments: At both Sites 1143 and 1146, S. kochi is consistently observed throughout its anticipated range and it exhibits widely variable abundances, often rare but occasionally abundant. Our species concept always has more than three chambers, often bearing a glassy cortex, though cortexless specimens are seen, and a lobate outline, particularly in tests having more than four chambers. Tests resembling Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina that have a kummerform or a full fourth chamber were identified as S. kochi.

Sphaeroidinellopsis paenedehiscens Blow

Sphaeroidinellopsis paenedehiscens Blow, 1969, p. 386, pl. 30, figs. 4, 5, 9; Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 210, pl. 52, figs. 4-6; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 166, pl. 10, fig. 9.

Comments: S. paenedehiscens is observed consistently throughout its anticipated range at both South China Sea sites, and its abundance in individual samples varies widely. The species has three highly embracing chambers in the final whorl, but its thick cortex of secondary calcite gives it an "egg-shaped" appearance. Similar species include Sphaeroidinella dehiscens and Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina. S. dehiscens is differentiated from S. paenedehiscens by its secondary aperture, which in primitive forms may be very small and requires careful inspection for detection. S. seminulina is differentiated from S. paenedehiscens by being more lobate in form (i.e., having a "rounded triangle" shape).

Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina (Schwager)

Globigerina seminulina Schwager, 1866, p. 256, pl. 7, fig. 112.

Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina seminulina (Schwager) Kennett and Srinivasan, 1983, p. 206, pl. 51, figs. 1, 6-8; Chaisson and Leckie, 1993, p. 166, pl. 10, figs. 8, 11-13.

Comments: S. seminulina is observed consistently throughout the sedimentary column at both sites in the South China Sea, and in some samples it is very abundant. Because of the varying degree of cortex development observed in specimens of S. seminulina low in the section at Site 1146 (Zones N7 and N8), our species concept includes Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta. Other species similar to S. seminulina, but differentiated, are Sphaeroidinellopsis kochi and Sphaeroidinellopsis paenedehiscens, where the former is characterized by having more than three chambers in the final whorl and the latter by being less lobate (having an "egg" shape) (see "Sphaeroidinellopsis paenedehiscens").