This research used samples and data provided by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). ODP is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and participating countries under management of Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI) Inc. Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)/UK-ODP to CES and HAP, and by USSAC funds to KLM, who used laboratory facilities provided by NSF grant no. DPP 94-22893. HB thanks NWO, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. We are particularly grateful to reviewers John A. Barron, Sherwood W. Wise Jr., and co-editor James P. Kennett for their thorough reviews of this paper and suggestions for its improvement. We also thank co-editor Mitch Malone and Lorri Peters of the ODP publications team for their meticulous editorial help on an earlier version of this paper. The Time Team wishes to thank the other members of the Leg 189 Science Party for general support.