|
Species event
|
Zone/Subzone (base)
|
Age (Ma)
|
Reference
|
Age (Ma)
|
Reference
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B Emiliania huxleyi | CN15/NN21 | 0.26 | 1 |
|
|
| T Pseudoemiliania lacunosa | CN14b/NN20 | 0.46 | 1 |
|
|
| B Gephyrocapsa parallela (= reentrance medium G) |
|
0.95 | 2 |
|
|
| B Medium Gephyrocapsa | CN13b | 1.69 | 2 |
|
|
| Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary |
|
1.81 | 3 |
|
|
| T Discoaster brouweri | CN13a/NN19 | 1.95 | 2 |
|
|
| T Discoaster pentaradiatus | CN12d/NN18 | 2.52 | 4 |
|
|
| T Discoaster surculus | CN12c/NN17 | 2.63 | 4 |
|
|
| T Discoaster tamalis | CN12b+c | 2.83 | 4 |
|
|
| T Sphenolithus spp. | CN12aB* | 3.66 | 5 |
|
|
| T Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus | CN12aA*/NN16 | 3.80 | 5 |
|
|
| T Amaurolithus spp. | CN11 | 4.56 | 5 |
|
|
| T Ceratolithus acutus | CN10c/NN13 | 5.05 | 6 |
|
|
| B Ceratolithus rugosus | CN10c/NN13 | 5.10 | 6 |
|
|
| T Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus |
|
5.23 | 6 |
|
|
| Miocene/Pliocene boundary | 5.33 | 7 |
|
|
|
| B Ceratolithus acutus | CN10b | 5.37 | 6 |
|
|
| T Discoaster quinqueramus | CN10a/NN12 | 5.54 | 6 |
|
|
| T Nicklithus amplificus | CN9bC* | 6.00 | 6 |
|
|
| B Nicklithus amplificus | CN9bB* | 6.84 | 6 |
|
|
| B Amaurolithus primus | CN9bA* | 7.39 | 6 |
|
|
| B Discoaster berggrenii | CN9a/NN11 | 8.28 | 6 |
|
|
| B Discoaster loeblichii | CN8b | 8.43 | 5 |
|
|
| T Discoaster hamatus | CN8a/NN10 | 9.63 | 6 |
|
|
| T Catinaster calyculus |
|
9.64 | 6 |
|
|
| T Catinaster coalitus |
|
9.69 | 6 |
|
|
| B Discoaster neohamatus |
|
10.45 | 6 |
|
|
| B Discoaster hamatus | CN7a/NN9 | 10.48 | 6 |
|
|
| B Catinaster coalitus | CN6/NN8 | 10.79 | 6 |
|
|
| TC Discoaster kugleri |
|
11.60 | 6 |
|
|
| BC Discoaster kugleri | CN5b/NN7 | 11.88 | 6 |
|
|
| B Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus |
|
12.81 | 5 |
|
|
| T Cyclicargolithus floridanus |
|
13.19 | 5 |
|
|
| T Sphenolithus heteromorphus | CN5a/NN6 | 13.55 | 8 |
|
|
| T Helicosphaera ampliaperta | CN4/NN5 | 15.8 | 9 | 15.10 | 8 |
| T Acme Discoaster deflandrei |
|
16.2 | 5 | 16.07 | 8 |
| B Discoaster signus |
|
16.2 | 5 |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus heteromorphus | CN3 | 18.1 | 9 | 17.70 | 8 |
| T Sphenolithus belemnos | CN3/NN4 | 18.4 | 9 | 17.94 | 8 |
| T Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus | NN3 | 19.6 | † |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus belemnos | CN2 | 19.7 | 9 | 18.90 | 8 |
| X Helicosphaera euphratis/Helicosphaera carteri |
|
|
|
20.80 | 8 |
| T Acme Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus |
|
22.9 | † |
|
|
| B Discoaster druggii | CN1c/NN2 | 23.2 | 10 |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus disbelemnos |
|
23.5 | 8 | 22.67 | 8 |
| Oligocene/Miocene boundary | 23.8 | 10 | 22.90 | 8 | |
| T Sphenolithus delphix |
|
23.7 | 8 | 22.98 | 8 |
| B Sphenolithus delphix |
|
24.4 | 8 | 23.24 | 8 |
| T Sphenolithus ciperoensis | CN1a | 24.7 | 8 | 24.14 | 8 |
| T Acme Cyclicargolithus abisectus | CN1b | 25.5 | † |
|
|
| T Sphenolithus distentus | CP19b/NP25 | 26.5 | 11 |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus ciperoensis | CP19a/NP24 | 28.1 | 11 |
|
|
| T Discoaster pseudoradians |
|
29.1 | 10 |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus distentus | CP18 | 30.4 | 11 |
|
|
T Reticulofenestra umbilicus  14 µm |
CP17/NP23 | 31.7 | 12 |
|
|
| T Acme Ericsonia obruta | CP16b | 32.2 | 12 |
|
|
| T Isthmolithus recurvus |
|
32.7 | 12 |
|
|
| T Ericsonia formosa | CP16c/NP22 | 32.9 | 12 |
|
|
| B Acme Ericsonia obruta |
|
33.7 | 12 |
|
|
| Eocene/Oligocene boundary | 33.7 | 10 |
|
|
|
| T Discoaster saipanensis | CP16a/NP21 | 34.0 | 12 |
|
|
| T Discoaster barbadiensis | CP16a | 34.2 | 12 |
|
|
| T Cribrocentrum reticulatum |
|
34.9 | 12 |
|
|
| T Calcidiscus protoannulus |
|
35.4 | 12 |
|
|
| B Isthmolithus recurvus | NP19 | 36.6 | 12 |
|
|
| B Chiasmolithus oamaruensis | NP18 | 37.0 | 10 |
|
|
| T Chiasmolithus grandis | CP15 | 37.1 | 12 |
|
|
| B Dictyococcites bisectus |
|
38.5 | 13 |
|
|
| B Dictyococcites hesslandii |
|
40.3 | 12 |
|
|
| T Chiasmolithus solitus | CP14b/NP17 | 40.4 | 10 |
|
|
| T Nannotetrina spp. |
|
42.3 | 12 |
|
|
|
B Reticulofenestra umbilicus 14 µm |
CP14a | 42.5 | 12 |
|
|
| T Blackites gladius | NP16 | 43.4 | 10 |
|
|
| T Nannotetrina fulgens |
|
43.4 | 14 |
|
|
| T Chiasmolithus gigas | CP13c | 44.0 | 14 |
|
|
| B Chiasmolithus gigas | CP13b | 46.1 | 10 |
|
|
| B Nannotetrina fulgens | CP13a/NP15 | 47.0 | 14 |
|
|
| T Discoaster sublodoensis |
|
47.2 | 14 |
|
|
| B Nannotetrina spp. |
|
47.8 | 14 |
|
|
| T Discoaster lodoensis |
|
48.0 | 14 |
|
|
| B Rhabdosphaera inflata | CP12b | 48.5 | 10 |
|
|
| B Discoaster sublodoensis | CP12a/NP14 | 49.3 | 14 |
|
|
| T Tribrachiatus orthostylus | NP13 | 51.0 | 14 |
|
|
| B Toweius crassus | CP11 | 51.5 | 10 |
|
|
| B Discoaster lodoensis | CP10/NP12 | 52.4 | 14 |
|
|
| T Discoaster multiradiatus |
|
53.0 | 14 |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus radians |
|
53.3 | 14 |
|
|
| X Tribrachiatus contortus/Tribrachiatus orthostylus | CP9b/NP11 | 53.4 | 14 | 53.400 | ‡ |
| X Tribrachiatus bramlettei/Tribrachiatus contortus |
|
53.7 | 14 | 53.875 | ‡ |
| B Discoaster diastypus | CP9a | 53.9 | 14 |
|
|
| B Tribrachiatus bramlettei | CP9a/NP10 | 53.9 | 14 | 54.359 | ‡ |
| B Rhomboaster cuspis |
|
54.1 | 14 |
|
|
| T Fasciculithus spp. |
|
54.1 | 14 |
|
|
| Paleocene/Eocene boundary | 55.0 | 15 |
|
|
|
| B Campylosphaera eodela | CP8b | 55.5 | 10 |
|
|
| B Discoaster multiradiatus | CP8a/NP9 | 56.2 | 14 |
|
|
| B Discoaster okadai |
|
56.4 | 14 |
|
|
| B Discoaster nobilis | CP7 | 56.5 | 14 |
|
|
| B Heliolithus riedelii | NP8 | 57.3 | 10 |
|
|
| B Discoaster mohleri | CP6/NP7 | 57.5 | 14 |
|
|
| B Heliolithus kleinpellii | CP5/NP6 | 58.2 | 14 |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus anarrhopus |
|
58.4 | 10 |
|
|
| B Heliolithus cantabriae |
|
58.8 | 14 |
|
|
| B Fasciculithus pileatus |
|
59.3 | 14 |
|
|
| B Fasciculithus tympaniformis | CP4/NP5 | 59.7 | 10 |
|
|
| B Fasciculithus spp. |
|
60.0 | 14 |
|
|
| B Sphenolithus spp. |
|
60.7 | 14 |
|
|
Notes: B = base, T = top, TC = top common, BC = base common, X = abundance cross-over. Bold = astrochronologically tuned datums. References: 1 = Thierstein et al., 1977; 2 = Raffi et al., 1993; 3 = Lourens et al., 1996; 4 = Tiedemann et al., 1994; 5 = Raffi and Flores, 1995; 6 = Backman and Raffi, 1997; 7 = Van Couvering et al., 2000; 8 = Shackleton et al., 1999; 9 = Backman et al. 1990; 10 = Berggren et al., 1995a; 11 = Olafsson and Villa, 1992; 12 = Backman, 1987; 13 = Monechi and Thierstein, 1985; 14 = Backman, 1986; 15 = carbon isotope excursion calibrated by astronomically tuning at ODP Site 1051 (Norris and Röhl, 1999). * = further subdivision of Subzones (CN12aB, etc.) according to Bukry (1991) and Raffi and Flores (1995). † = age estimate derived through calibration to magnetostratigraphy at Site 1218. ‡ = age estimate derived through counting of precessional cycles at Site 1215.