REFERENCES

Barron, E.J., 1987. Eocene equator-to-pole surface ocean temperatures: a significant climate problem? Paleoceanography, 2:729-739.

Barron, E., Tropical climate stability and implications for the distribution of life, 1995. In Effects of Past Global Change on Life: Washington, D.C. (National Academy Press).

Bemis, B.E., Spero, H.J., Bijma, J., and Lea, D.W., 1998. Reevaluation of the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera: experimental results and revised paleotemperature equations. Paleoceanography, 13:150-160.

Boville, B.A., and Gent, P.R., 1998. The NCAR Climate System Model Version One. J. Clim.,11:1115-1130.

Boville, B.A., Kiehl, J.T., Rasch, P.J., and Bryan, F.O., 2001. Improvements to the NCAR CSM-1 for transient climate simulations. J. Clim., 14:164-179.

Bralower, T.J., Zachos, J.C., Thomas, E., Parrow, M., Paull, C.K., Kelly, D.C., Premoli Silva, I., Sliter, W.V., and Lohmann, K.C., 1995. Late Paleocene to Eocene paleoceanography of the equatorial Pacific Ocean: stable isotopes recorded at Ocean Drilling Program Site 865, Allison Guyot. Paleoceanography, 10:841-865.

Broecker, W.S., Clark, E., McCorkle, C.D., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G., 1999. Coretop C14 ages as a function of latitude and water depth on the Ontong-Java Plateau, Paleoceanography, 14:13-22.

Cane, M.A., Clement, A.C., Kaplan, A., Kushnir, Y., Pozdnyakov, D., Seager, R., Zebiak, S.E., and Murtugudde, R., 1997. Twentieth-Century sea surface temperature trends. Science, 275:957-960.

Crowley, T.J., and Zachos, J.C., 2000. Comparison of zonal temperature profiles for past warm time periods. In Huber, B.T., MacLeod, K.G., and Wing, S.L. (Eds.), Warm Climates in Earth History: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press), 79-131.

DeConto, R.M., Thompson, S.L., and Pollard, D., 2000. Recent advances in paleoclimate modeling: toward better simulations of warm paleoclimates. In Huber, B.T., MacLeod, K.G., and Wing, S.L. (Eds.), Warm Climates in Earth History: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press), 21-49.

Donguy, J.R., and Meyers, G., 1996. Mean annual variation of transport of major currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 43:1105-1122.

Erez, J., and Luz, B., 1983. Experimental paleotemperature equation for planktonic foraminifera. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47:1025-1031.

Fairbanks, R.G., Evans, M.N., Rubenstone, J.L., Mortlock, R.A., Broad, K., Moored, M.D., and Charles, C.D., 1997. Evaluating climate indices and their geochemical proxies measured in corals. Coral Reefs, 16:93-100.

Fedorov, A.V., and Philander, S.G., 2000. Is El Niño changing? Science, 288:1997-2002.

Flohn, H., 1981. A hemispheric circulation asymmetry during late Tertiary. Geol. Rundsch., 70:725-736.

Friedrichs, M.A.M., and Hofmann, E.E., 2001. Physical control of biological processes in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res, 48:1023-1069.

Greenwood, D.R., and Wing, S.L., 1995. Eocene continental climates and latitudinal temperature gradients. Geology, 23:1044-1048.

Helber, R.W., and Weisberg, R.H., 2001. Equatorial upwelling in the western Pacific warm pool. J. Geophys. Res., 106:8989-9004.

Higgins, S.M., Broecker, W., Anderson, R., McCorkle, D.C., and Timothy, D., 1999. Enhanced sedimentation along the Equator in the western Pacific, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23:3489-3492.

Huber, M., and Sloan, L.C., 2000. Climatic response to tropical sea surface temperature changes on a "greenhouse" Earth. Paleoceanography, 15:443-450.

Huber, M., and Sloan, L.C., 2001. Heat transport, deep waters, and thermal gradients: coupled simulation of an Eocene "greenhouse" climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28:3481-3484.

Huber, M., Sloan, L.C., and C. Shellito, in press. Early Paleogene oceans and climate: A fully coupled modelling approach using the NCAR CSM, Early Paleogene Climate GSA Special Volume.

Jin, F.F., Hu, Z.Z., Latif, M., Bengtsson, L., and Roeckner, E., 2001. Dynamical and cloud-radiation feedbacks in El Niño and greenhouse warming. Geophy. Res. Lett., 28:1539-1542.

Johnson, G.C., McPhaden, M.J., Rowe, G.D., and McTaggart, K.E., 2000. Upper equatorial Pacific Ocean current and salinity variability during the 1996/1998 El Niño-La Niña cycle. J. Geophys. Res. 105:1037-1053.

Johnson, G.C., McPhaden, M.J., and Firing, E., 2001. Equatorial Pacific Ocean horizontal velocity, divergence, and upwelling. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31:839-849.

Large, W.G., Danabasoglu, D., McWilliams, J.C., Gent, P.R., and Bryan, F.O., 2001. Equatorial circulation of a global ocean climate model with anisotropic horizontal viscosity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31:518-536.

Liu, Z.Y., and Huang, B., 1997. A coupled theory of tropical climatology: warm pool, cold tongue, and Walker Circulation. J. Clim., 10:1662-1679.

Marin, F., Hua, B.L., and Wacongne, S., 2000. The equatorial thermostad and subsurface countercurrents in light of the dynamics of atmospheric Hadley cells. J. Mar. Res., 58:405-437.

Mitchell, T.P., and Wallace, J.M., 1992. The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea-surface temperature. J. Clim., 10:1140-1156.

Ogg, J.G., Karl, S.M., and Behl, R.J., 1992. Jurassic through Early Cretaceous sedimentation history of the central equatorial Pacific and of Sites 800 and 801. In Larson, R.L., Lancelot, Y., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 129: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 571-613.

Otto-Bliesner, B.L., and Brady, E.C., 2001. Tropical Pacific variability in the NCAR climate system model. J. Clim., 14:3587-3607.

Otto-Bliesner, B.L., Brady, E.C., and Shields, C., 2002. Late Cretaceous ocean: coupled simulations with the National Center for Atmopsheric Research Climate System Model. J. Geophys. Res., 107:10.1029/2001JD000821.

Pearson, P.N., Ditchfield, P.W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown, K.G., Nicholas, C.J., Olsson, R.K., Shackleton, N.J., and Hall, M.A., 2001. Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs. Nature, 413:481-487.

Philander, S.G.H., Gu, D., Halpern, D., Lambert, G., Lau, N.C., Li, T., and Pacanowski, R.C., 1996. Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the Equator, J. Clim., 9:2958-2972.

Ragueneau, O., Tréguer, P., Leynaert, A., Anderson, R.F., Brzezinski, M.A., DeMaster, D.J., Dugdale, R.C., Dymond, J., Fischer, G., Francois, R., Heinze, C., Maier-Reimer, E., Martin-Jézéquel, V., Nelson, D.M., and Quéguiner, B., 2000. A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean: recent progress and missing gaps in the application of biogenic ipal as a paleoproductivity proxy. Global Planet. Change, 26:317-365.

Romero, O.E., Hebbeln, D., and Wefer, G., 2001. Temporal and spatial variability in export production in the SE Pacific Ocean: evidence from siliceous plankton fluxes and surface sediment assemblages. Deep-Sea Res., 48:2673-2697.

Rowe, G.D., Firing, E., and Johnson, G.C., 2000. Pacific equatorial subsurface countercurrent velocity, transport, and potential vorticity. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30:1172-1187.

Royer, J.Y., 1992. A global isochron chart, University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, Technical Report No. 117.

Schmidt, G.A., 1999. Forward modeling of carbonate proxy data from planktonic foraminfera using oxygen isotope tracers in a global ocean model. Paleoceanography, 14:482-497.

Schrag, D.P., 1999. Effects of diagenesis on the isotopic record of late Paleogene tropical sea surface temperatures. Chem. Geol., 161:215-224.

Sewall, J.O., Sloan, L.C., Huber, M., and Wing, S., 2000. Climate sensitivity to changes in land surface characteristics. Global Planet. Change, 26:445-465.

Sloan, L.C., and Barron, E.J., 1990. Equable climates during Earth history. Geology, 18:489-492.

Sloan, L.C., Huber, M., Crowley, T.J., Sewall, J.O., and Baum, S., 2001. Effect of sea surface temperature configuration on model simulations of "equable" climate in the Early Eocene. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 167:321-335.

Sloan, L.C., and Rea, D.K., 1996. Atmospheric CO2 of the early Eocene: a general circulation modeling sensitivity study, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 119:275-292.

Sun, D.Z., 2000. Global climate change and El Niño: A theoretical framework, In Diaz H.F. and Markgraf, V. (Eds.), El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: (Cambridge University Press), 443-463.

Thuburn, J., and Sutton, R.T., 2000. The seasonal cycle of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature in a coupled GCM. Climate Dynamics, 16:935-947.

Timmerman, A., Oberhuber, J., Bacher, A., Esch, M., Latif, M., and Roeckner, E., 1999. Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature, 398:694-697.

Tsuchi, R., 1997. Marine climatic responses to Neogene tectonics of the Pacific Ocean seaways. Tectonophysics, 281:113-124.

Wolfe, J.A., 1994. Tertiary climatic changes at middle latitudes of western North America. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 108:195-205.

Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D., and Lohmann, K.C., 1994. Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures. Paleoceanography, 9:353-387.