APPENDIX

The taxonomy of Oligocene and earliest Miocene diatoms can be confusing, as new taxonomic studies such as those of Yanagisawa (1995a, 1995b) and Strelnikova et al. (2001) must be considered along with an increasing number of papers by various authors on sediments collected by ODP. Consequently, an important part of this study will be to refer to updated diatom taxonomy, reference good illustrations of species concepts, and suggest synonyms of various taxa. The following section lists important Oligocene and earliest Miocene diatoms and references to illustrations and their taxonomy. Selected diatom taxa are illustrated on Plates P1, P2, and P3.

Actinocyclus hajosiae Barron, 1983, p. 504, pl. I, figs. 3, 4; pl. V, fig. 13; pl. VI, fig. 3.

Actinocyclus sp. aff. A. octonarius Ehrenberg; Hajós, 1976, p. 827, pl. 10, fig. 7.
    Synonym: A. ehrenbergii Ralfs in Pritchard; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 963, pl. 14, fig. 17.

Actinocyclus sp. aff. A. radionovae Barron, 1983, p. 504, pl. 3, figs. 1–3; pl. 4, figs. 4–6.

Asteromphalus oligocenicus Schrader & Fenner, 1976, p. 965, pl. 21, figs. 8, 13, 14; pl. 28, fig. 1.

Azpeitia oligocenica (Jousé) Sims in Sims et al., 1989, p. 302, pl. 2, figs. 1–3; pl. 3, figs. 8, 9.
    Synonym: Coscinodiscus oligocenicus Jousé; Barron, 1983, p. 512, pl. 3, figs. 8, 11. (Pl. P3, fig. 5)

Azpeitia praenodulifera (Barron) Sims & Fryxell in Sims et al., 1989, p. 298, pl. 1, figs. 8–13; pl. 3, fig. 11.
    Synonym: Coscinodiscus praenodulifer Barron, 1983, p. 511, pl. III, figs. 9, 10; pl. I, fig. 8.

Baxteriopsis brunii (van Heurck) Karsten; Fenner, 1985, p. 727, pl. 10, figs. 7, 8.

Bogorovia barronii Yanagisawa 1995b, p. 31, pl. 4, figs. 11–14; pl. 5, figs. 3–5.

Bogorovia veniamini Jousé, 1973, emend. Yanagisawa, 1995b, p. 25, pl. 4, figs. 4–10; pl. 8, figs. 1–9. (Pl. P1, fig. 6)

Bogorovia sp. cf. B. puncticulata Yanagisawa, 1995b, p. 32, pl. 4, figs. 15–20, 33, 34; pl. 12, figs. 1–5; pl. 13, figs. 1–11.

Cavitatus jouseanus (Sheshukova-Poretzkaya) Williams; Akiba et al., 1993, p. 20, figs. 6, 19, 20; Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, p. 31, pl. 5, figs. 3, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23.
    Remarks: See remarks for Cavitatus miocenicus.

Cavitatus miocenicus (Schrader) Akiba & Yanagisawa; Gladenkov and Barron (1995), pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, 27.
    Synonym: Synedra miocenica Schrader, 1976, p. 636, pl. 1, fig. 1; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 999, pl. 5, fig. 2; pl. 45, figs. 19–21; Cavitatus jouseanus (Sheshukova-Poretzkaya) Williams sensu Harwood and Bohaty, 2001, p. 324, pl. 1, fig. 1, 2?; Synedra sp. of Jousé, 1973, pl. 4, fig. 23.
    Remarks: Harwood and Bohaty (2001) state, "Specimens of Cavitatus jouseanus present in CRP-3 differ from C. jouseanus s.s. in that they are smaller and more lightly silicified with narrow, tapered ends, rather than broadly rounded ends. This morphology appears to be characteristic of 'early forms' of C. jouseanus." Schrader (1976) shows S. miocenica ranges below Synedra jouseana at Southern Ocean Site 278. Gladenkov and Barron (1995) show a similar relationship between C. miocenicus and C. jouseanus at ODP Site 884 in the North Pacific.

Cavitatus rectus Akiba & Hiramatsu in Akiba et al., 1993, p. 28, pl. 6, figs. 7–15; Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, p. 31, pl. 5, figs. 7–10.
    Synonym: Thalassionema hirosakiensis (Kanaya) Schrader sensu Schrader, 1976, p. 636, pl. 1, figs. 14–16.

Cestodiscus convexus Castracane, 1886, p. 128, pl. 7, fig. 6; Strelnikova et al., 2001, pl. VII, fig. 43; pl. X, figs. 49, 50; pl. XI, figs. 56–59. (Pl. P1, figs. 4, 5)

Cestodiscus robustus Jousé, 1973, p. 345, pl. 1, figs. 14, 15; Barron, 1985b, pl. 1, fig. 1.
    Synonyms: Coscinodiscus superbus Hardman sensu Fenner, 1978, p. 516, pl. 13, figs. 1–5, pl. 14, figs. 1–4; sensu Gombos and Ciesielski, 1983, p. 601, pl. 4, figs. 1–8.

Cestodiscus gemmifer Castracane sensu Fenner and Mikkelsen, 1990, p. 441, pl. 1, fig. 3.

Cestodiscus trochus Castracane sensu Strelnikova et al., 2001, p. 79, figs. 51–54, 60–63; Cestodiscus parmula Castracane sensu Radionova, 1987, p. 149, pl. 2, figs. 6–8. (Pl. P3, figs. 3, 4)
    Remarks: The marginal spines are often not preserved.

Cestodiscus kugleri Lohman, 1974, p. 340, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5, 8; Fourtanier, 1991, pl. 1, fig. 6; Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, p. 31, pl. 3, Figs. 2–6, 7?.
    Synonym: Cestodiscus aff. trochus Castracane sensu Fenner, 1984b, p. 1270, pl. 1, fig. 4; Cestodiscus sp. 6 of Schrader, 1976, pl. 12, fig. 4. (Pl. P1, figs. 7, 8)

Cestodiscus ovalis Greville?; Lohman, 1974, p. 341, pl. 3, fig. 5. (Pl. P2, fig. 8)

Cestodiscus reticulatus Fenner 1984a, p. 331, pl. 1, fig. 10.
    Remarks: These forms closely resemble C. robustus except for the reticulate pattern in the valve's center, and it is not clear that they should be separated. (Pl. P3, fig. 6)

Cestodiscus trochus Castracane, 1886, p. 123, pl. 7, figs. 1, 3.
    Synonym: Cestodiscus muhinae Jousé, 1973, p. 344–345, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3–5? Both Fenner (1985) and Harwood and Maruyama (1992) suggested this synonymy.
    Remarks: Taxa figured as Cestodiscus muhinae by Jousé (1973) possess considerable variability, including the form illustrated in figure 7 of Plate P3 of this report; however, it is not clear whether all of these forms should be included in C. trochus Castracane. The flat valve forms tabulated as Cestodiscus antarcticus Fenner by Strelnikova et al. (2001), p. 79, figs. 64–67 (not 55) are included here as C. trochus Castracane. C. antarcticus Fenner s.s. is a distinctive form that was not identified in the Oligocene at Site 1220. (Pl. P2, fig. 2; Pl. P3, fig. 7?)

Cestodiscus trochus (form with marginal labiate processes)
    Synonym: Cestodiscus pulchellus Greville sensu Schrader, 1976, pl. 13, fig. 5. (Pl. P3, figs. 1, 2)

Cestodiscus sp. cf. C. demergitus (Fenner) Fenner & Mikkelsen, 1990.
    Basionym: Coscinodiscus demergitus Fenner, 1978, p. 514, pl. 4, figs. 1–3.

Cestodiscus sp. aff. C. pulchellus Greville, 1866, p. 123, pl. 11, fig. 5.

Cestodiscus sp. 2 sensu Fenner, 1981, p. 89, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4; Strelnikova et al., 2001, pl. VI, fig. 34; pl. VIII, figs. 39–42; pl. IX, figs. 44–48.
    Synonym: Cestodiscus pulchellus var. novazealandica Grove sensu Harwood and Maruyama, 1992, p. 701, pl. 1, fig. 4. (Pl. P1, figs. 1, 2; Pl. P2, fig. 3)
    Remarks: Strelnikova et al. (2001) state that C. pulchellus var. novazealandica (Grove ex Rattray) Fenner possesses a "large concave center whose diameter is approximately half of the valve diameter," and that a hyaline field is present in the valve center with two to three or more isolated areolae. The specimen illustrated as C. sp. 2 (var.) meets these criteria and might be included in C. pulchellus var. novazealandica.

Coscinodiscus excavatus Greville ex Ralfs in Pritchard; Fenner, 1985, p. 728, pl. 7, figs. 26, 28; Barron, 1985a, pl. 1, fig. 8; Strelnikova et al., 2001, pl. XVII, figs. 92–97.

Coscinodiscus excavatus var. semilunaris Grunow; Fenner, 1978, p. 514, pl. 10, figs. 13, 14. (Pl. P2, fig. 1)

Coscinodiscus hajosiae Fenner 1984a, p. 331, pl. 2, fig. 1.
    Synonym: Coscinodiscus spiralis sensu Hajós, 1976, p. 826, pl. 7, figs. 1–3.

Coscinodiscus lewisianus Greville; Barron, 1985b, p. 781, pl. 9, fig. 10.

Coscinodiscus lewisanus f. concavus Gombos, 1983, p. 796, pl. 3, fig. 8.

Coscinodiscus lewisanus var. levis (Jousé) Harwood & Maruyama, 1992, p. 702, pl. 3, figs. 12–15; Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, pl. 1, fig. 14.
    Synonym: Actinocyclus levis Jousé, 1973, p. 353, pl. 5, fig. 2.

Coscinodiscus lewisianus var. rhomboides Barron, 1985b, p. 443, pl. 7, figs. 2, 3.
    Synonym: Coscinodiscus lewisianus var. similis Rattray sensu Jousé 1973, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7; sensu Barron, 1983, p. 512, pl. 1, fig. 8; sensu Gombos, 1983, pl. 3, figs. 3–6.
    Remarks: Barron (1985a) noted that C. lewisianus var. similis Rattray is restricted to the later part of the early Miocene and is distinguished from the late Oligocene diatom C. lewisianus var. rhomboides by it being less rhombic in shape and its possession of a broader, finely areolated margin.

Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg; Fenner, 1978, p. 515, pl. 8, figs. 3, 7.

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg; Fenner, 1978, p. 516, pl. 7, fig. 6.

Coscinodiscus rhombicus Castracane; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 972, pl. 21, figs. 1–3, 5; Gombos, 1983, pl. 3, fig. 1; Fenner, 1985, p. 729, pl. 7, figs. 1–4.

Coscinodiscus? sp. aff. C. capensis Grunow; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 969, pl. 36, figs. 4, 8.
    Remarks: The forms tabulated may belong to Thalassiosira.

Craspedodiscus barronii Bukry, 1984, p. 464, pl. 2, figs. 13–15; pl. 3, figs. 1–5; Fourtanier, 1991, pl. 3, fig. 7.
    Remarks: Oligocene and early Miocene forms have been recorded as C. coscinodiscus; see Gombos, 1983, pl. 4, figs. 1–3.

Craspedodiscus elegans Ehrenberg; Schmidt et al., 1874–1959, pl. 66, fig. 1; Fenner, 1978, p. 518, pl. 9, fig. 3; pl. 37, fig. 6; Barron, 1983, p. 512, pl. 2, fig. 2; Barron, 1985a, pl. 2, fig. 2.

Distephanosira architecturalis (Brun) Gleser in Gleser et al., 1992, p. 68, table 56, figs. 1–9.
    Synonym: Melosira architecturalis Brun; Fenner, 1978, p. 524, pl. 16, figs. 7–12; Hajós, 1976, p. 824, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6.

Kozloviella minor Jousé, 1973, p. 352, pl. 4, fig. 18; Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, pl. 1, figs. 13, 20.

Kozloviella sp. cf. K. pacifica Jousé, 1973, p. 352, pl. 4, fig. 17. (Pl. P1, fig. 9)

Lisitzinia ornata Jousé; Fenner, 1985, p. 734, pl. 10, fig. 11; Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, pl. 1, figs. 15–18.

Raphidodiscus marylandicus Christian; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, pl. 7, fig. 16; Barron, 1983, p. 512, pl. 5, fig. 4.

Rocella gelida (Mann) Bukry; Gombos, 1983, pl. 1, figs. 1–6; Barron, 1985b, pl. 12, fig. 16; Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, pl. 1, figs. 3, 7.

Rocella princeps (Jousé) Fenner, 1984a, p. 335; Gombos, 1983, pl. 2, figs. 13–16.

Rocella semigelida Gombos, 1983, p. 796, pl. 2, figs. 1–12.
    Remarks: Some early forms tabulated as Rocella vigilans Jousé may be transitional with R. semigelida (see Pl. P2, fig. 10).

Rocella schraderi Bukry; Gombos, 1983, pl. 1, figs. 13–16.
    Synonym: R. gelida var. schraderi (Bukry) Barron; Barron, 1985b, pl. 12, fig. 15.

Rocella vigilans Fenner, 1984a, p. 333, pl. 1, fig. 11; Gombos, 1983, pl. 1, figs. 7–12; Fenner, 1985, pl. 7, figs. 14, 15. (Pl. P2, figs. 4, 6, 10)
    Remarks: Although Harwood and Maruyama (1992) recognize small and large forms (varieties a and b) that are separated stratigraphically, specimens from Site 1220 display a range in size and morphology and no attempt was made to separate them.

Rocella vigilans var. 1
    Remarks: Center of valve is raised in a domelike manner.

Rouxia spp.
    Remarks: Undifferentiated fragments are tabulated here.
Rossiella fennerae Yanagisawa, 1995a, p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 7–10; pl. 7, figs. 1–8.
    Synonyms: Rossiella symmetrica Fenner, 1984a, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4 (non fig. 2); Rossiella paleacea (Grunow) Desikachary & Maheswari sensu Barron, 1983, pl. 5, fig. 4. (Pl. P1, fig. 3)

Rossiella fourtanierae Yanagisawa, 1995a, p. 9, pl. 4, figs. 11–14; pl. 9, figs. 1–6.
    Synonym: Rossiella paleacea (Grunow) Desikachary & Maheswari, robust form of Barron, 1983, p. 512, pl. 5, fig. 6.

Rossiella paleacea (Grunow) Desikachary & Maheshwari; Barron, 1985a, pl. 8, fig. 2; Barron, 1985b, p. 790, pl. 9, figs. 6, 7; Fourtanier, 1991, pl. 4, fig. 4; Yanagisawa, 1995a, p. 11, pl. 4, figs. 15–20; pl. 12, figs. 1–6.

Rossiella symmetrica Fenner, 1984a, p. 333, pl. 2, fig. 2 (non pl. 1, figs. 3, 4); Fenner, 1985, p. 737, pl. 7, figs. 5–7; Yanagisawa, 1995a, p. 5, pl. 4, figs. 1–6.

Skeletonemopsis barbadensis (Greville) Sims, 1994.
    Synonym: Skeletonema barbadense Greville; Fenner, 1985, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2; Fenner and Mikkelsen, 1990, p. 447, pl. 1, fig. 5.

Stephanopyxis sp. aff. S. turris (Greville and Arnott) Ralfs; Fenner, 1978, p. 532, pl. 12, fig. 7; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 1000, pl. 30, figs. 1–10; pl. 37, figs. 17–19.

Thalassionema sp. cf. T. nitzschioides (Grunow) Van Heurck; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 1001, pl. 5, fig. 8.

Thalassiosira? bukryi Barron, 1983, p. 511, pl. 4, figs. 1–2; pl. 6, fig. 9; Fenner and Mikkelsen, 1990, p. 448, pl. 1, fig. 4. (Pl. P2, fig. 9)

Thalassiosira praefraga Gladenkov and Barron, 1995, p. 30, pl. 2, figs. 3–6, 9.
    Synonym: Thalassiosira spinosa Schrader sensu Barron, 1983, p. 512, pl. IV, fig. 8; sensu Barron, 1985b, p. 793, pl. 11, fig. 15; sensu Fourtanier, 1991, pl. 2, figs. 9, 10.

Thalassiosira primalabiata Gombos in Gombos and Ciesielski, 1983, pl. 9, figs. 1–8; Barron, 1983, p. 512, pl. III, figs. 7, 12.

Thalassiosira spumellaroides Schrader, 1976, p. 636, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2; Barron, 1983, p. 513, pl. IV, fig. 7; Barron, 1985a, pl. 5, fig. 4; Fourtanier, 1991, pl. 2, fig. 12.

Thalassiothrix sp. cf. T. primitiva Schrader, 1976, p. 637, pl. 1, fig. 3. (Pl. P2, fig. 7)