APPENDIX A
Descriptions and illustrations of the species in the present study are found in the publications cited. In this study, classification of family by De Wever et al. (2001) was applied.
Subclass RADIOLARIA Müller, 1858
Superorder POLYCYSTINA Ehrenberg, 1838, emend. Riedel, 1967
Order NASSELLARIA Ehrenberg, 1875
Family Acanthodesmiidae Haeckel, 1881, emend. Riedel, 1967
Remarks: Lattice shell is elliptical in ventral and dorsal views with constriction along sagittal ring. Lattice pores are subcircular and irregularly distributed; relatively large ones are attached to sagittal ring. Surface of lattice shell is somewhat thorny without apical horn. Several rodlike appendages extend from oval basal ring. Median bar is located in higher horizon than basal ring. Primary lateral spines extend downward and, in most specimens, are not attached to basal ring.
This species is distinguished from Dendrospyris anthocyrtoides by larger size of subcircular pores in the thick shell wall.
Dorcadospyris circulus (Haeckel) group
Gamospyris circulus Haeckel, 1887, p. 1042, pl. 83, fig. 19; Goll, 1972, p. 965, pl. 59, fig. 1; pl. 60, figs. 1–3; pl. 61, fig. 1; pl. 62, figs. 1–3.
Dorcadospyris circulus (Haeckel): Moore, 1971, p. 739, pl. 8, figs. 3–5; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 528; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 738, pl. 1, fig. 8; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 770, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1066, pl. 2B, fig. 4; Johnson, 1974, p. 546, pl. 6, fig. 16; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 529; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 276, pl. 2, figs. 7, 9, 10.
Dorcadospyris sp(p).: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 710, pl. 1, figs. 9, 10.
Questionable form of Dorcadospyris circulus (Haeckel): Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, pl. 2, figs. 8, 11.
Remarks: Sanfilippo and Nigrini (1995) excluded a form without an apical horn from D. circulus. In Hole 1220A this form with or without a tiny apical horn occurred from the upper part of the examined section, where the typical form of this species with a stout apical horn also occurred. In this study, we included these two forms because the variation of the apical horn from long and robust, like the typical form, to short and narrow makes difficult to subdivide them completely.
Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Moore
Dorcadospyris pseudopapilio Moore, 1971, p. 738, pl. 6, figs. 7, 8; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 528; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 738; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 769, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 664, figs. 10.1a, 10.1b; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 278; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
Remarks: In some specimens, secondary feet and meshwork are not preserved (Pl. P1, fig. 8).
Dorcadospyris quadripes Moore
Dorcadospyris quadripes Moore, 1971, p. 738, pl. 7, figs. 3–5; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 769, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5; Johnson, 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781.
Dorcadospyris spinosa Moore
Dorcadospyris spinosa Moore, 1971, p. 739, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 528; 1974, p. 1022; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 738, pl. 2, fig. 2; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 769, pl. 4, figs. 8, 9; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1066, pl. 2B, fig. 4; Johnson, 1974, p. 546, pl. 6, fig. 18; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781.
Dorcadospyris spinosa Moore group: Holdsworth, 1975, p. 529.
Remarks: Usually nonjoined primary feet are present, but in some specimens, they are broken off (Pl. P1, figs. 7a, 7b).
Remarks: Shell composed of outer lenticular to flat discoidal lattice and central lattice including sagittal ring. Lattice pores in central part are large and polygonal. Outer lattice is three to four times as broad as the central one that has variably sized rounded pores.
This species is distinguished from other acanthodesmiids by the outer lattice shell extending from central lattice.
Family Artostrobiidae Riedel, 1967
Dictyoprora amphora (Haeckel) group
Dictyocephalus amphora Haeckel, 1887, p. 1305, pl. 62, fig. 4.
Dictyocephalus lipogaster Clark and Campbell, 1945, p. 42, pl. 6, fig. 9.
Lithomitra sp. aff. L. lineata (Ehrenberg) group: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 3E, fig. 18.
Theocampe aff. mongolfieri (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2.
Theocampe sp.: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 23, fig. 12.
Theocampe amphora (Haeckel) group: Foreman, 1973, p. 431, pl. 8, figs. 7, 9–13; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 740; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1070, pl. 1M, figs. 1–5; pl. 2E, fig. 7; Johnson, 1974, p. 552, pl. 2, fig. 4; pl. 4, fig. 2; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1025.
Theocampe armadillo (Ehrenberg): Ling, 1975, p. 732, pl. 13, fig. 15.
Theocampe mongolfieri (Haeckel): Ling, 1975, p. 732, pl. 13, figs. 16, 17.
Dictyoprora amphora (Haeckel) group: Nigrini, 1977, p. 250, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, fig. 33.3; Nishimura, 1987, p. 725, pl. 2, fig. 3; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, pl. 3, fig. 8; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Dictyoprora amphora (Haeckel): Caulet, 1991, p. 538.
Dictyoprora mongolfieri (Haeckel): Shilov, 1995, p. 126, pl. 2, fig. 6.
Dictyoprora armadillo (Ehrenberg)
Eucyrtidium armadillo Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 225; 1875, pl. 9, fig. 10.
Theocampe armadillo (Ehrenberg) group: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1601, pl. 3E, figs. 3, 5 (partim); 1973, p. 740; Johnson, 1974, p. 552; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532.
Dictyoprora armadillo (Ehrenberg): Nigrini, 1977, p. 250, pl. 4, fig. 4; Renz, 1984, p. 458; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, fig. 33.5; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Dictyoprora armadillo (Ehrenberg) group: Renz, 1984, p. 458.
Dictyoprora mongolfieri (Ehrenberg)
Eucyrtidium mongolfieri Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 36, fig. 18, B lower; 1873, p. 230; 1875, p. 72, pl. 10, fig. 3.
Sethamphora costata Haeckel, 1887, p. 1251, pl. 62, fig. 3.
Sethamphora mongolfieri (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1251; Riedel, 1957b, p. 81, pl. 1, fig. 7.
Theocampe costata Haeckel, 1887, p. 1426, pl. 66, fig. 24.
Theocampe mongolfieri (Ehrenberg): Burma, 1959, p. 329; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 536, pl. 12, fig. 9; 1971, pl. 3E, fig. 13; 1973, p. 740; 1978, p. 76, p. 9, fig. 13; Moore, 1971, p. 744, pl. 2, fig. 3; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, figs. 3–5; Foreman, 1973, p. 432, pl. 8, fig. 6; pl. 9, fig. 17; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 789; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1070, pl. 1M, figs. 7–10; pl. 2E, fig. 9; Johnson, 1974, p. 552, pl. 2, figs. 3, 5; pl. 5, fig. 1; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1023; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532.
Dictyoprora mongolfieri (Ehrenberg): Nigrini, 1977, p. 250, pl. 4, fig. 7; Weaver, 1983, p. 675; Renz, 1984, p. 458; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 702, figs. 33.1a–33.1d; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, pl. 3, fig. 9; Takemura, 1992, p. 743, pl. 7, fig. 12; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 111; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72, pl. 1, fig. 10; pl. 2, fig. 9.
?Eucyrtidium gemmatum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 229, 1875, pl. 10, fig. 6.
Dictyoprora ovata (Haeckel)
Theocampe ovata Haeckel, 1887, p. 1416, pl. 69, fig. 16.
Theocampe armadillo (Ehrenberg) group: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1601, pl. 3E, figs. 4, 6 (partim); Nigrini, 1974, p. 1070, pl. 1M, fig. 6; pl. 2E, fig. 7.
Theocampe sp. aff. T. gemmata (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, fig. 10.
Theocampe exvellens (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, fig. 7.
Dictyoprora ovata (Haeckel): Nigrini, 1977, p. 251, pl. 4, figs. 5, 6.
?Theocampe calimorphos (Clark and Campbell): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, fig. 8.
Dictyoprora pirum (Ehrenberg)
Eucyrtidium pirum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 232; 1875, pl. 10, fig. 14.
Theocampe pirum (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1423; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1601, pl. 3E, figs. 10, 11; 1973, p. 740; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1070, pl. 2E, fig. 10; Johnson, 1974, p. 552. pl. 6, fig. 14; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1023; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532; Ling, 1975, p. 732, pl. 13, fig. 18.
Dictyoprora pirum (Ehrenberg): Nigrini, 1977, p. 251, pl. 4, fig. 8; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 703, figs. 33.2a, 33.2b; Takemura, 1992, p. 743, pl. 5, fig. 11; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 111; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Remarks: This species has shorter abdomen with maximum breadth at the distal part rather than at the median and is distinguished from Dictyoprora urceolus (Haeckel) by these characteristics.
Phormostichoartus marylandicus (Martin)
Lithocampe marylandica Martin, 1904, p. 450, pl. 130, fig. 4.
Artostrobium sp. aff. A. doliolum Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 1H, fig. 4; pl. 2I, figs. 1–8; pl. 3E, figs. 7–9.
Theocamptra marylandica (Martin) Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, figs. 20, 21.
Theocamptra sp. aff. T. marylandica (Martin) Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, figs. 22, 23.
Theocamptra ovata (Haeckel) Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, figs. 17, 18.
Theocamptra sp. aff. T. ovata (Haeckel) Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 538, pl. 23, figs. 15, 16; pl. 24, fig. 6.
Phormostichoartus marylandicus (Martin) Nigrini, 1977, p. 253, pl. 2, figs. 1–3; Nigrini, 1985, p. 522; Caulet, 1991, p. 539.
?Lithocampe ovata Haeckel, 1887, p. 1504, pl. 77, fig. 1.
?Theocampe collaris Haeckel, 1887, p. 1425, pl. 66, fig. 18.
Siphocampe sp. aff. S. acephala (Ehrenberg)
aff. Eucyrtidium acephalum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 224; 1875, pl. 11, fig. 5.
aff. Eucyrtidium ?obstipum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 231; 1875, pl. 11, fig. 17.
aff. Lithomitra acephala Bütschli, 1882, p. 529; Haeckel, 1887, p. 1484.
aff. Siphocampe acephala (Ehrenberg,) Nigrini, 1977, p. 254, pl. 3, fig. 5; Takemura, 1992, p. 743, pl. 6, fig. 9; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 114.
Remarks: This species is distinguished from Siphocampe acephala by a symmetrically positioned cephalis.
Siphocampe quadrata (Petrushevskaya and Kozlova)
Lithamphora sacculifera quadrata Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 539, pl. 30, figs. 4–6.
Lithamphora(?) sp. Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 539, pl. 30, fig. 2
Lithomitra docilis Foreman, 1973, p. 431, pl. 8, figs. 20–22; pl. 9, figs. 3–5; Johnson, 1974, p. 552, pl. 3, fig. 16.
Siphocampe (?)quadrata (Petrushevskaya and Kozlova): Nigrini, 1977, p. 257, pl. 3, fig. 12; Caulet, 1991, p. 539; Takemura, 1992, p. 743, pl. 7, fig. 7; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 114.
Lithamphora sp. aff. L. quadrata Petrushevskaya: Dzinoridze et al., 1978, pl. 29, fig. 1; pl. 33, fig. 1.
?Lithomitra sacculifera Clark and Campbell, 1945, p. 50, pl. 7, fig. 18.
?Artostrobium miralestense (Campbell and Clark): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1599, pl. 3E, fig. 12 (partim).
?Theocampe amphora (Haeckel) group: Chen, 1975, p. 456, pl. 2, fig. 3 (partim).
Remarks: Shell is composed of three segments. Cephalis is sub- or hemispherical with few subcircular pores. Ventral tube, if observed, is directed upward. Collar stricture is indistinct externally. Thorax is truncate conical to inflated cylindrical, with two or three transverse rows of subcircular pores. Lumbar stricture is indistinct. Abdomen usually bears 3–5 rounded constrictions without internal rings. Pores in abdomen are transversely aligned or randomly distributed. Indistinct sculpture of longitudinal ridge is present in upper abdomen. Distal end of shell is fully opened and ragged.
This species is distinguished from all other artostrobiids in this study by 3–5 rounded constrictions in abdomen.
Theocamptra formaster Petrushevskaya and Kozlova
Phormostichoartus sp. aff. P. corona Haeckel: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 3F, figs. 4, 5 (partim).
Theocamptra formaster Petrushevskaya in Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 539, pl. 23, figs. 26, 27.
Family Cannobotryidae Haeckel, 1881
Centrobotrys gravida Moore
Centrobotrys gravida Moore, 1971, p. 744, pl. 5, fig. 8; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 532; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 738; 1978, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 8; 1986, pl. 1, fig. 14; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 789, pl. 5, fig. 6; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 533; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 704, figs. 35.1a, 35.1b; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Centrobotrys petrushevskayae Sanfilippo and Riedel
Centrobotrys(?) sp. A: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1602, pl. 3F, figs. 15, 16.
Centrobotrys sp.: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 39, fig. 11.
Centrobotrys petrushevskayae Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 532, pl. 36, figs. 12, 13; 1974, p. 1021; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 738; 1986, pl. 1, fig. 15; Johnson, 1974, p. 552; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 533, pl. 2, figs. 23–25; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 704, figs. 35.2a, 35.2b; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 275, pl. 1, figs. 18–20; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Family Lophophaenidae Haeckel, 1881, emend. Petrushevskaya, 1971
Lophophaena apiculata Ehrenberg
Lophophaena apiculata Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 242; 1875, pl. 8, fig. 11.
Lophophaena capito Ehrenberg group
Lophophaena capito Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 242; 1875, pl. 8, fig. 6.
Lophophaena ?capito Ehrenberg group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 535, pl. 33, figs. 20–23; Johnson, 1974, p. 552; 1976, p. 436; Petrushevskaya, 1975, pl. 9, fig. 21.
Lamptonium sanfilippoae Foreman: Ling, 1975, p. 729, pl. 9, figs. 23–25.
Lophophaena radians Ehrenberg
Lophophaena radians Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 243; 1875, pl. 8, figs. 7–9.
Lophophaenoma radians (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1304; Caulet, 1991, p. 538.
Remarks: Shell is composed of cephalis and thorax. Cephalis is semispherical with almost hyaline wall perforated by several small subcircular pores. Apical horn extends from internal apical spine, three-bladed and robust, two to three times as long as cephalic height. Collar stricture is distinct. Upper thorax is truncated conical with three ridges extending to three feet, which are three-bladed, more than two times as long as thoracic height, and curved convexly outward. Lower thorax is conical. Subcircular pores are randomly distributed in thoracic wall. Distal part of thorax is fully opened.
This species is distinguished from other Pseudodictyophimus by long feet. A long and robust apical horn is also a distinguishing characteristic from other lophophaenids.
Family Sethoperidae Haeckel, 1881, emend. Petrushevskaya, 1971
Remarks: Shell is composed of cephalis and thorax. Cephalis is subspherical, with constrictions along internal connecting arches, with or without tiny thorns. Apical horn is not observed. Collar stricture is distinct. Thorax is truncated conical with subcircular pores. Distal end of thorax is fully opened without feet.
This species is distinguished from other sethoperids by its footless thorax.
Remarks: Mostly similar to Sethoperid sp. A and distinguished from it by relatively larger cephalis and by smaller subcircular pores in thorax. According to morphologic similarity and their stratigraphic distributions, this species is descendant of Sethoperid sp. A.
Family Eucyrtidiidae Ehrenberg, 1847
Artophormis barbadensis (Ehrenberg)
Calocyclas barbadensis Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 217; 1875, pl. 18, fig. 8.
Artophormis barbadensis (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 532, pl. 13, fig. 5; 1971, p. 1592, pl. 3B, figs. 8, 9; 1973, p. 737; Moore, 1971, p. 742, pl. 5, fig. 9; Johnson, 1974, p. 547, pl. 5, fig. 6; 1978, p. 780; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 529; Ling, 1975, p. 728, pl. 9, figs. 9, 10; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 411; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 666, figs. 12.1a, 12.1b.
Artophormis dominasinensis (Ehrenberg)
Podocyrtis dominasinensis Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 250; 1875, pl. 14, fig. 14.
Podocyrtis brevipes Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 249; 1875, pl. 16, fig. 6.
Artophormis dominasinensis (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 532.
Artophormis gracilis Riedel group
Artophormis gracilis Riedel, 1959, p. 300, pl. 2, figs. 12, 13; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 532, pl. 13, figs. 6, 7; 1971, p. 1592, pl. 3B, figs. 5–7; pl. 6, fig. 7; 1973, p. 737; 1986, pl. 3, figs. 15, 16; Kling, 1971, p. 1088, pl. 5, fig. 7; Moore, 1971, p. 742, pl. 5, figs. 10, 11; Goll, 1972, p. 958; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 774; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1066, pl. 2C, figs. 1–5; 1985, p. 522; Johnson, 1974, p. 547, pl. 6, fig. 1; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 780; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1000; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 529; Ling, 1975, p. 728, pl. 9, fig. 11; Weaver, 1983, p. 675; Renz, 1984, p. 455; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 411; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 666, figs. 12.2a–12.2c; Abelmann, 1990, p. 697, pl. 7, fig. 5; 1992, p. 776; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 272, pl. 1, figs. 1–5; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
?Cyrtophormis gracilis (Riedel): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 547, pl. 28, figs. 13–15.
Calocyclas bandyca (Mato and Theyer)
Lychnocanoma bandyca Mato and Theyer, 1980, p. 225, pl. 1, figs. 1–6; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 676, figs. 19.3a, 19.3b.
Calocyclas bandyca (Mato and Theyer): Renz, 1984, p. 455; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 411, pl. 5, figs. 1, 5, 6; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, pl. 2, fig. 12; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Calocyclas hispida (Ehrenberg)
Anthocyrtis hispida Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 216; 1875, pl. 8, fig. 2.
Cycladophora hispida (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 529, pl. 10, fig. 9; 1971, p. 1593, pl. 3B, figs. 10, 11; 1978, p. 65, pl. 3, fig. 6; Moore, 1971, p. 741, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 774.
Calocyclas hispida (Ehrenberg): Foreman, 1973, p. 434, pl. 1, figs. 12–15; pl. 9, fig. 18; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 737; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1067, pl. 1F, figs. 5–8; Johnson, 1974, p. 547, pl. 4, fig. 1; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 780; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1020; Chen, 1975, p. 459, pl. 3, fig. 10; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 529; Ling, 1975, p. 728, pl. 9, fig. 12; Renz, 1984, p. 455; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, figs. 15.2a, 15.2b; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, pl. 2, fig. 10; Hull, 1993, p. 12, pl. 7, fig. 1; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Calocyclas turris Ehrenberg
Calocyclas turris Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 218; 1875, pl. 18, fig. 7; Riedel, 1957b, p. 89, pl. 3, fig. 8; pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 738; 1978, p. 65, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8; 1986, pl. 2, fig. 11; pl. 5, fig. 3; Foreman, 1973, p. 434; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1067, pl. 2C, fig. 6; Johnson, 1974, p. 547, pl. 5, fig. 2; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 780; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1020; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 529; Ling, 1975, p. 728, pl. 9, fig. 13; Renz, 1984, p. 455; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412, pl. 5, fig. 12; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 669, figs. 15.1a–15.1c; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Cycladophora stiligera Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 223; 1875, pl. 18, fig. 3.
Cycladophora turris (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 529, pl. 13, figs. 3, 4; 1971, p. 1593; Moore, 1971, p. 741, pl. 4, fig. 8; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 774,
Eucyrtidium ?hillaby Ehrenberg group
Eucyrtidium hillaby Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 229; 1875, pl. 11, fig. 8.
Pterocyrtidium barbadense Ehrenberg group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 552, pl. 27, figs. 18, 19.
Eucyrtidiidae gen. sp. aff. Pterocyrtidium barbadense Ehrenberg: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 22, fig. 10.
Theoperid gen. et sp. indet.: Johnson, 1974, pl. 2, figs. 14, 15; pl. 6, fig. 11.
?Theoperid gen. et sp. indet: Johnson, 1974, pl. 5, fig. 17.
Pterocyrtidium sp.: Ling, 1975, p. 729, pl. 10, fig. 19 (partim).
Remarks: This group includes two morphotypes, one has a relatively large shell with three lateral wings (Pl. P5, figs. 8a, b) and the other has no lateral appendages (Pl. P5, figs. 6a–7b). The development of three wings varies between these two types. In the late form, the abdomen has a shallow stricture without internal ring. This group is distinguished from Lophocyrtis barbadense by its long cylindrical to wavy abdomen.
Eucyrtidium montiparum Ehrenberg
Eucyrtidium montiparum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 230; 1875, pl. 9, fig. 11.
Lithocampe subligata Stöhr group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 546, pl. 25, figs. 7–10.
Theoperid gen. et sp. indet.: Johnson, 1974, pl. 6, figs. 12, 13.
Remarks: This species has a similar skeletal character to the Miocene Stichocorys delmontensis, which is evolved from Stichocorys wolfii near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. The range of this species is significantly different from that of S. delmontensis.
Eucyrtidium ?panthera Ehrenberg
Eucyrtidium panthera Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 231; 1875, pl. 11, fig. 18.
?Eucyrtidium sp. cf. E. panthera Ehrenberg: Ling, 1975, pl. 12, fig. 18.
Remarks: This species is distinguished from E. ?hillaby by the hyaline shell wall of abdomen and larger size of abdominal pores.
Cyrtophormis sp. Ch: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 547, pl. 26, fig. 1; Dzinoridze et al., 1978, pl. 28, fig. 3.
Theoperid. gen. et sp. indet.: Johnson, 1974, pl. 4, figs. 13, 14.
Eucyrtidium sp. A: Ling, 1975, p. 731, pl. 12, fig. 20.
Cyrtophormis (?) alta (Moksjakova): Kozlova, 1999, p. 155, pl. 30, figs. 7, 9; pl. 46, fig. 4.
?Eucyrtidium sp. aff. E. montiparum Ehrenberg: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 548, pl. 26, figs. 2–4.
Remarks: Multisegmented shell is composed of cephalis, thorax, abdomen, and one or two post-abdominal segments. Cephalis is subspherical, perforated by circular pores. Apical horn is three-bladed, almost the same length as cephalic height. Collar stricture is indistinct externally. Thorax is truncated conical to campanulate. Pores in thorax are circular to subcircular, roughly arranged hexagonally. Lumbar stricture is distinct. Abdomen is inflated cylindrical to truncate conical. Breadth of shell reaches maximum at abdomen. Pores in abdomen are circular to subcircular, larger than those in thorax, and arranged hexagonally. Post-abdominal segments are cylindrical. Later form has single post-abdominal segment, its breadth decreases downward. Height is variable.
This species is distinguished from E. montiparum by larger abdomen, which is the widest segment in the shell.
Remarks: Multisegmented thick shell is composed of cephalis, thorax, abdomen, and three or more post-abdominal segments. Cephalis is subspherical, perforated by small circular pores, with three-bladed short apical horn, length of which is less than the height of cephalis. Collar stricture is distinct. Thorax is campanulate. Pores in thorax are weakly arranged hexagonally. Lumbar stricture is distinct. Abdomen is inflated cylindrical. Pores in abdomen are roughly arranged hexagonally and larger than those in thorax. Three trigonal wings, attached to lower thorax to abdomen, are one-fifth to one-fourth as long as abdominal breadth. Post-abdominal segments are cylindrical to subcylindrical. Breadth of shell reaches maximum at first post-abdominal segment and then decreases downward. Pores are somewhat larger than those in abdomen, usually of uniform size, and weakly arranged hexagonally or randomly distributed.
This species is distinguished from E. montiparum by the presence of three well-developed wings.
Remarks: Shell is composed of three segments. Cephalis is subspherical and perforated by very small pores, with a tiny apical horn, which is shorter than height of cephalis. Collar stricture is distinct. Thorax is campanulate to cup-shaped. Pores are roughly arranged hexagonally. Lumbar stricture is shallow. Abdomen is subcylindrical externally. Upper abdomen has tubercular surface. Pores are subcircular, smaller than those in thorax, and randomly distributed. Lower abdomen is covered with spongy meshwork and distinguished from upper part by decreasing breadth.
This species is distinguished from E. ?hillaby by the spongy layers of abdomen. This species is distinguished from the Antarctic Eocene Eucyrtidium nishimurae by the relatively smaller shell without post-abdominal segments and spongy abdomen.
Theocorys bianulus O'Connor
Eucyrtidium sp. cf. E. "rocket": Ling, 1975, p. 731, pl. 12, fig. 19.
Theocorys bianulus O'Connor, 1997, p. 84, pl. 4, figs. 1–4; pl. 10, figs. 1–4; pl. 11, fig. 5.
?Eucyrtidiidae gen. sp. "rocket": Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 547, pl. 28, figs. 2, 3.
Theocorys spongoconus Kling
Theocorys spongoconus Kling, 1971, p. 1087, pl. 5, fig. 6; Weaver, 1983, p. 678; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 74.
Theocorys (?) spongoconum Kling: Foreman, 1973, p. 440.
Theocorys spongoconum Kling: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1596, pl. 2F, fig. 4; pl. 3C, fig. 3; 1973, p. 740, pl. 2, fig. 1; 1978, p. 76, pl. 9, fig. 16; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1068, pl. 2D, fig. 5; Johnson, 1974, p. 549, pl. 6, fig. 2; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1023; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 531; Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 11, fig. 13; Renz, 1984, p. 460.
Family Lophocyrtiidae Sanfilippo and Caulet, 2001
Dictyopodium eurylophus Ehrenberg
Dictyopodium eurylophus Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 223; 1875, pl. 19, fig. 4.
Dictyopodium oxylophus Ehrenberg
Dictyopodium oxylophus Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 223; 1875, pl. 19, fig. 5.
Dictyopodium sp. aff. D. oxylophus Ehrenberg: Chen, 1975, p. 460, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2.
Lophocyrtis (Apoplanius) aspera (Ehrenberg)
Eucyrtidium asperum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 226; 1875, pl. 8, fig. 15.
Calocyclas asperum (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 548, pl. 28, figs. 16–18; Johnson, 1978, p. 780; Dzinoridze et al., 1978, pl. 28, fig. 15; Caulet, 1991, p. 537; Shilov, 1995, p. 126; Kozlova, 1999, p. 153, pl. 46, fig. 10 (partim).
Calocyclas sp. B; Takemura, 1992, p. 745, pl. 5, fig. 13; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 111, pl. 1, fig. 14.
Lophocyrtis (Apoplanius) aspera (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo and Caulet, 1998, p. 14, pl. 3A, figs. 5–10; pl. 3B, figs. 1, 2, 5–9; pl. 6, figs. 6–8.
Theocorys minuta Takemura and Ling, 1998, p. 162, figs. 3.16–3.21, 5.5, 5.6.
Calocyclas sp. cf. C. asperum (Ehrenberg): Kozlova, 1999, pl. 28, fig. 14.
Lophocyrtis (Apoplanius) nomas Sanfilippo and Caulet
Lophocyrtis (Apoplanius) nomas Sanfilippo and Caulet, 1998, p. 15, pl. 3A, figs. 1–4; pl. 3B, figs. 3, 4; pl. 6, figs. 1a–5b.
Calocyclas sp. A: Takemura, 1992, p. 745, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 111, pl. 1, fig. 15.
Theocorys saginata Takemura and Ling, 1998, p. 164, figs. 4.7–4.14, 5.9, 5.10.
?Calocyclas asperum (Ehrenberg): Kozlova, 1999, p. 153, pl. 35, fig. 6 (partim).
Remarks: This species and the ancestral L. aspera are counted together in numeric data because of the common occurrence of broken specimens without cephalis throughout sequence.
Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) hadra Riedel and Sanfilippo
Lophocyrtis hadra Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, p. 168, pl. 7, figs. 12–15.
Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) hadra Riedel and Sanfilippo: Sanfilippo, 1990, p. 304, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12.
Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) milowi (Riedel and Sanfilippo)
Cyclampterium (?) milowi Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1593, pl. 7, figs. 8, 9; 1973, p. 738; Dinkelman, 1973, p.776, pl. 2, fig. 1; Chen, 1975, p. 460, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 529; Ling, 1975, p. 731, pl. 12, fig. 15; Johnson, 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Nigrini, 1985, p. 523.
Cyclampterium milowi Riedel and Sanfilippo: Renz, 1984, p. 457; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, pl. 1, fig. 3.
Lophocyrtis (Cyclampterium) milowi (Riedel and Sanfilippo): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 14; Sanfilippo, 1990, p. 306, pl. I, figs. 13–16; plate II, figs. 1, 2; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 279; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
?Cyclampterium ?sp.: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1970, pl. 2, fig. 7.
Lophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis?) barbadense (Ehrenberg)
Pterocanium barbadense Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 254; 1875, pl. 17, fig. 6.
Pterocyrtidium sp.: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 552, pl. 27, fig. 15.
Pterocyrtidium sp. Ling, 1975, p. 729, pl. 10, fig. 18 (partim).
Lophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis?) barbadense (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo and Caulet, 1998, p. 8, pl. 4, figs. 9–10b.
?Theoperid gen. et sp. indet.: Johnson, 1974, pl. 2, figs. 16, 17.
Lophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis) jacchia (Ehrenberg)
Thyrsocyrtis jacchia Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 261; 1875, pl. 12, fig. 7.
Eucyrtidium stephanophorum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 233; 1875, pl. 8, fig. 14.
Lophocyrtis (?) jacchia (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 530; 1971, p. 1594, pl. 3C, figs. 4, 5; pl. 7, fig. 16; 1973, p. 739; 1978, p. 70, pl. 7, fig. 1; 1986, pl. 7, fig. 10; Moore, 1971, p. 742, pl. 5, figs. 4, 7; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 780, pl. 2, fig. 6; Johnson, 1974, p. 548, pl. 5, fig. 5; 1978, p. 781; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1067, pl. 2C, fig. 10; Chen, 1975, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6; Holdworth, 1975, p. 530; Ling, 1975, p. 729, pl. 10, fig. 7; Sanfilippo et al., 1981, p. 504; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Westberg-Smith and Riedel, 1985, p. 493; Caulet, 1986, p. 853; Palmer, 1987, p. 356.
Lophocyrtis jacchia (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1979, p. 504; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, pl. 7, fig. 10.
Lophocyrtis ?jacchia (Ehrenberg) group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 542, pl. 28, fig. 21.
Theoperid gen. et sp. indet.: Johnson, 1974, pl. 3, fig. 17.
Lophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis) jacchia (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo, 1990, p. 302, pl. I, figs. 5–10; pl. III, fig. 6; Caulet, 1991, p. 538.
Lophocyrtis (Lophocyrtis) jacchia jacchia (Ehrenberg) sensu Sanfilippo and Caulet, 1998, p. 10, pl. 4, figs. 1a, 1b.
Lophocyrtis jacchia(?) (Ehrenberg) form A
Remarks: This group is characterized by distally thorned apical horn. On the basis of the lack of large pores immediately below the lumbar stricture and/or the lack of arches at the base of apical horn in several specimens, the species is questionably identified to L. jacchia. In this study, the range of the species and L. jacchia without distally thorned apical horn is different; therefore, this group is counted separately from the typical form.
Lophocyrtis (Sciadiapeplus) oberhaensliae Sanfilippo
Lophocyrtis (Sciadiapeplus) oberhaensliae Sanfilippo, 1990, p. 310, pl. 2, figs. 10–14.
Family Pterocorythidae Haeckel, 1881, emend. Moore, 1972
Anthocyrtidium adiaphorum Sanfilippo and Riedel
Anthocyrtidium adiaphorum Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, p. 25, pl. 1, figs. 14, 15; pl. 4, figs. 1, 2.
?Podocyrtis coronatus (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p.543, pl. 35, fig. 3.
?Podocyrtis sp. aff. P. coronatus (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 35, fig. 4.
Anthocyrtidium stenum Sanfilippo and Riedel
Anthocyrtidium stenum Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, p. 24, pl. 1, figs. 16, 17; pl. 4, fig. 3.
Arbatrossidium sp.: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, pl. 1, fig. 8.
Remarks: Shell is composed of three segments. Cephalis is cylindrical and perforated by small circular pores, with tubercular surface. Apical horn is three-bladed and 2–3 times as long as height of cephalis. Collar stricture is indistinct. Thorax is inflated campanulate. Pores are circular to subcircular, roughly aligned longitudinally. Lumbar stricture is indistinct externally. Abdomen is cylindrical. Pores are circular to subcircular, larger than those in thorax, and roughly aligned longitudinally. Distal end of abdomen is fully opened and has peristomial teeth.
This species is distinguished from Calocycletta parva by the larger shell with a long apical horn.
?Calocycletta parva Moore, 1972, p. 148, pl. 1, figs. 1–5; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 788, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, pl. 1, figs. 3–5; pl. 2, fig. 9; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, pl. 2, figs. 4, 5.
?Theocyrtis sp.: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978, pl. 1, fig. 12.
Remarks: This species is mostly similar to Arbatrossidium sp. A but distinguished from it by its relatively smaller shell.
Cryptocarpium azyx (Sanfilippo and Riedel)
Carpocanistrum (?) azyx Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 530, pl. 35, fig. 9.
Carpocanistrum azyx Sanfilippo and Riedel: Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532; Johnson, 1978, p. 781; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978, p. 67, pl. 4, fig. 5.
"Carpocanistrum" azyx Sanfilippo and Riedel: Renz, 1984, p. 456; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 690, figs. 27.1a, 27.1b.
Cryptocarpium azyx (Sanfilippo and Riedel): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, p. 6, pl. 2, fig. 21; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72, pl. 2, figs. 4–6.
Cryptocarpium ornatum (Ehrenberg)
Cryptoprora ornata Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 222; 1875, pl. 5, fig. 8; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 3D, figs. 10, 11; Johnson, 1974, p. 550, pl. 5, fig. 9; 1978, p. 781; Renz, 1984, p. 457; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412, pl. 5, fig. 4; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 693, figs. 27.2a, 27.2b.
Theocapsomma ornata (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 535, pl. 22, fig. 1.
Theocapsomma sp. F group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 535, pl. 22, fig. 3.
Theocapsomma sp. aff. T. ornata (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 22, fig. 2.
Carpocanistrum (?) azyx Sanfilippo and Riedel: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 738. pl. 2, fig. 4.
Cryptoprora sp. cf. C. ornata Ehrenberg: Johnson, 1974, pl. 2, figs. 18–20.
Cryptocarpium ornatum (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, p. 6, pl. 2, figs. 18–20; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
Lamprocyclas rhinoceros (Haeckel)
Lamprocyclas rhinoceros (Haeckel): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 544, pl. 36, figs. 1–3.
Lamprocyclas spp.: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, pl. 1, fig. 11.
Remarks: Shell is composed of three segments. Cephalis is cylindrical to truncate conical. Cephalic wall is smooth, partly hyaline, and partly perforated by small circular pores. Collar stricture is indistinct. Thorax is campanulate with longitudinal aligned circular to subcircular pores. Lumbar stricture is indistinct externally. Abdomen is inflated cylindrical. Circular to subcircular pores, larger than those in thorax, are aligned in longitudinal rows. Distal end of abdomen is fully opened with semidifferentiated hyaline peristome.
This species is distinguished from L. rhinoceros by the smaller size and larger number of thoracic and abdominal pores.
Podocyrtis (Lampterium) chalala Riedel and Sanfilippo
Podocyrtis (Lampterium) chalala Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 535, pl. 12, figs. 2, 3; 1971, p. 1598; 1978, p. 71, pl. 8, fig. 3, text-fig. 3; 1986, pl. 2, fig. 14; Moore, 1971, p. 743, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 532; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 788; Johnson, 1974, p. 551; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 781; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 697, fig. 30.11; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
Lampterium chalala (Riedel and Sanfilippo): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 543, pl. 32, fig. 12.
Podocyrtis chalala Riedel and Sanfilippo: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; 1986, pl. 3, figs. 10, 11; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412.
Podocyrtis (Lampterium) goetheana (Haeckel)
Cycladophora goetheana Haeckel, 1887, p. 1376, pl. 65, fig. 5.
Podocyrtis (Lampterium) goetheana (Haeckel): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 535; 1971, p.1598, pl. 8, fig. 13; 1978, p. 72, pl. 8, fig. 6; Moore, 1971, p. 743, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 532; 1974, p. 1023; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 788; Johnson, 1974, p. 551; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 781; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 697, fig. 30.12; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
Podocyrtis goetheana (Haeckel): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; 1986, pl. 3, fig. 12; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412.
Lampterium goetheanum (Haeckel): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 543.
?Lampterium sp. aff. Lampterium goetheanum (Haeckel): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 32, figs. 13, 14.
Podocyrtis (Podocyrtis) papalis Ehrenberg
Podocyrtis papalis Ehrenberg, 1847, p. 55, fig. 2; 1854, pl. 36, fig. 23; 1873, p. 251; Riedel and Hays, 1969, pl. 1, fig. C; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; Renz, 1984, p. 460.
Podocyrtis fasciata Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 80, pl. 7, figs. 29, 33.
Podocyrtis (Podocyrtis) papalis Ehrenberg: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 533, pl. 11, fig. 1; 1971, p. 1598, pl. 3E, fig. 1; 1986, pl. 7, fig. 1; Moore, 1971, p. 743, pl. 2, fig. 4; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 544, pl. 35, fig. 1; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 531, pl. 20, figs. 11–14; pl. 36, figs. 2, 3; 1974, p. 1023; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 788; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1069, pl. 1K, figs. 7–10; Johnson, 1974, p. 551, pl. 4, fig. 12; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Ling, 1975, p. 731, pl. 13, fig. 5; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, fig. 30.1; Nishimura, 1987, p. 727, pl. 2, fig. 17; Hull, 1993, p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 7, 8; pl. 8, fig. 10; Kozlova, 1999, p. 151, pl. 15, fig. 6; pl. 24, figs. 16, 17; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 74, pl. 2, fig. 11; pl. 3, figs. 6, 7.
Theocyrtis tuberosa Riedel emend. Sanfilippo et al. group
Theocyrtis tuberosa Riedel, 1959, p. 298, pl. 2, fig. 10, 11; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 535, pl. 13, figs. 8–10; 1971, p. 1598, pl. 3D, figs. 14, 15; 1973, p. 740; 1978, p. 78, pl. 1, fig. 11; Moore, 1971, p. 743, pl. 5, figs. 5, 6; Goll, 1972, p. 958, pl. 19, fig. 1; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 532; 1974, p. 1023; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 789; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1070, pl. 2E, figs. 5, 6; 1985, p. 523; Johnson, 1974, p. 551; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532; Ling, 1975, p. 731, pl. 13, fig. 7; Weaver, 1983, p. 678; Renz, 1984, p. 460; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 413, pl. 5, figs. 9–11; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 701, figs. 32.1a–32.1d; Takemura, 1992, p. 744, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 283; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 8; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 74.
Calocycletta tuberosa (Riedel): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 544, pl. 35, figs. 11–14.
Remarks: This species group includes Theocyrtis tuberosa (Pl. P10, figs. 6a, 6b), T. tuberosa variant A (Pl. P10, figs. 1a–2b, 4a, 4b) of Nigrini and Sanfilippo (this volume), and a form with smooth thorax with apically closed cephalis.
Theocyrtis (?) tuberosa Riedel emend. Sanfilippo et al. form A
Eucyrtidium acanthocephala Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 225; 1875, pl. 9, fig. 8.
Theocyrtis sp. aff. T. tuberosa Riedel: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 3D, figs. 16–18.
Theocyrtis sp.: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1978, pl. 1, fig. 10.
Calocycletta acanthocephala (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 544, pl. 35, figs. 5–7.
Calocycletta virginis Haeckel: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 544, pl. 35, figs. 8–10.
Remarks: This form is distinguished from T. tuberosa group by a pore at the apex of cylindrical cephalis with or without two or three thorns surrounding the pore. This form includes Theocyrtis sp. A of Nigrini and Sanfilippo (this volume) (Pl. P10, figs. 7a–9b) and Calocycletta robusta early variant of Nigrini and Sanfilippo (this volume) (Pl. P10, figs. 10a, 10b).
Theocyrtis (?) tuberosa Riedel emend. Sanfilippo et al. form B
Theocyrtis sp(p).: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1992, pl. 1, figs. 20–23.
Remarks: This form is distinguished from T. tuberosa group and T. (?) tuberosa form A by the large cephalis. Its shell size is smaller than that of typical T. tuberosa (Pl. P10, figs. 6a, 6b). This form is same to Theocyrtis sp. B in Nigrini and Sanfilippo (this volume).
Family Theocotylidae Petrushevskaya, 1981
Stichopilidium sphinx Ehrenberg
Stichopilidium sphinx, Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 255; 1875, pl. 17, fig. 5; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 552, pl. 27, fig. 1.
Theoperidae gen. A: Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2.
Thyrsocyrtis (Pentalocorys) lochites Sanfilippo and Riedel
Gen. et sp. indet.: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, pl. 8, fig. 4.
Thyrsocyrtis sp.: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 34, fig. 5.
Thyrsocyrtis triacantha (Ehrenberg): Johnson, 1974, p. 549, pl. 5, fig. 16
Thyrsocyrtis sp. form A: Holdsworth, 1975, p. 532, pl. 1, figs. 16, 17, 25.
Thyrsocyrtis (Pentalocorys) lochites Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1982, p. 175, pl. 1, fig. 13; pl. 3, figs. 5–9; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 689, fig. 26.9; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 74.
Thyrsocyrtis lochites Sanfilippo and Riedel: Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 413.
Thyrsocyrtis (Pentalocorys) tetracantha (Ehrenberg)
Podocyrtis schomburgkii Ehrenberg: Bury, 1862, pl. 17, fig. 2.
Podocyrtis aculeata Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 248; 1875, pl. 13, fig. 3; Bütschli, 1881, p. 524, pl. 33, figs. 34a, 34b.
Podocyrtis parvipes Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 252; 1875, pl. 14, fig. 5; Haeckel, 1887, p. 1371.
Podocyrtis pentacantha Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 252; 1875, pl. 17, fig. 1.
Podocyrtis tetracantha Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 254; 1875, pl. 13, fig. 2.
Alacorys tetracantha (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1371; Riedel and Funnell, 1964, p. 310.
Alacorys pentacantha (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1371.
Alacorys aculeata (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1373.
Thyrsocyrtis tetracantha (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 527; 1971, p. 1596; 1973, p. 740; 1978, p. 80, pl. 10, figs. 8, 9; 1986, pl. 6, fig. 3; Moore, 1971, p. 741, pl. 4, fig. 8; 1973, p. 822; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 542; Dinkelmann, 1973, p. 787, pl. 2. figs. 4, 5; Foreman, 1973, p. 422; Johnson, 1974, p. 549, pl. 5, fig. 15; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1069, pl. 2E, fig. 2; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1025; 1979, p. 507; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 531; Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 11, fig. 19; Renz, 1984, p. 460; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 413.
Thyrsocyrtis cf. T. triacantha (Ehrenberg): Dinkelman, 1973, pl. 2, fig. 8.
Thyrsocyrtis sp. aff. T. bromia Ehrenberg: Dinkelman, 1973, pl. 3, fig. 5.
Thyrsocyrtis (Pentalocorys) tetracantha (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1982, p. 176, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12; pl. 3, fig. 10; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 690, figs. 26.8a, 26.8b; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 74, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Thyrsocyrtis (Pentalocorys) triacantha (Ehrenberg)
Podocyrtis schomburgkii Ehrenberg, 1847, p. 55, fig. 1 (plate opposite p. 60); 1854, pl. 36, fig. 22; 1873, p. 253; 1875, pl. 14, fig. 7; Haeckel, 1862, p. 339; 1887, p. 1343.
Podocyrtis cothurnata Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 36, fig. B21; 1873, p. 250; 1875, pl. 14, fig. 1.
Anthocyrtis cothurnata (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1862, p. 310.
Podocyrtis centriscus Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 249; 1875, pl. 14, fig. 2; Haeckel, 1887, p. 1341.
Podocyrtis princepsi Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 252; 1875, pl. 13, fig. 1; Bütschli, 1881, p. 524, pl. 33, figs. 32a–32c; 1882, pl. 30, figs. 14a, 14b; Haeckel, 1887, p. 1342; Murray, 1895, p. 881.
Podocyrtis radicata Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 253; 1875, pl. 13, fig. 5.
Podocyrtis triacantha Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 254; 1875, pl. 13, fig. 4; Heckel, 1887, p. 1350; Riedel, 1957a, p. 260, pl. 63, fig. P; Wiseman and Riedel, 1960, p. 216; Riedel and Funnell, 1964, p. 311.
Podocyrtis ventricosa Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 254; 1875, pl. 16, fig. 3; Haeckel, 1887, p. 1341.
Dictyopodium moseleyi Haeckel, 1879, p. 706, pl. 16, fig. 10.
Thyrsocyrtis radicata (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1351.
Dictyopodium cothurnatum (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1353.
Dictyopodium scaphopodium Haeckel, 1887, p. 1353, pl. 73, fig. 8; Murray, 1895, p. 1042.
Dictyopodium thyrsolophus Haeckel, 1887, p. 1354, pl. 73, fig. 7.
Thyrsocyrtis triacantha (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 526, pl. 8, figs. 2, 3; 1971, p. 1596, pl. 3C, fig. 7; 1973, p. 740; 1978, p. 82, pl. 10, figs. 10, 11; 1986, pl. 6, fig. 2; Moore, 1971, p. 740, pl. 4, fig. 2; 1973, p. 822; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 542, pl. 32, fig. 9; pl. 34, fig. 6; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 787, pl. 2, fig. 7 (partim); Foreman, 1973, p. 442, pl. 12, figs. 9–11; Johnson, 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1069, pl. 1J, figs. 5–7; pl. 2E, fig. 1; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1025; 1979, p. 507; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 531, pl. 1, fig. 18; Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 11, fig. 20; Weaver and Dinkelman, 1978, p. 873; Renz, 1984, p. 460; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 413.
Thyrsocyrtis (Pentalocorys) triacantha (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1982, p. 176, pl. 1, figs. 8–10; pl. 3, figs. 3, 4; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 690, figs. 26.7a, 26.7b; Hull, 1993, p. 13, pl. 7, fig. 12; pl. 8, fig. 2; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 74, pl. 1, figs. 13, 16, 17.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis) bromia Ehrenberg
Thyrsocyrtis bromia Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 260; 1875, pl. 12, fig. 12; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 526; Moore, 1971, p. 740, pl. 5, fig. 1 (partim); Dinkelman, 1973, p. 787, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, 4 (partim); Johnson, 1974, p. 549, pl. 5, fig. 7; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1068, pl. 2D, fig. 6; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 531, pl. 1, figs. 14, 19–21 (partim).
Thyrsocyrtis ?rhizodon Ehrenberg: Holdsworth, 1975, pl. 1, fig. 24.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis) bromia Ehrenberg: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1982, p. 172, pl. 1, fig. 17 (partim); Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 687, fig. 26.4a (partim).
It is not clear whether to cite the following synonymy as the typical form of T. bromia or following T. bromia group A in this study:
Podocyrtis bromia (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1349.
Thyrsocyrtis bromia Ehrenberg: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 526; 1973, p. 740; Moore, 1973, p. 822; Foreman, 1973, p. 441; Johnson, 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1025; 1979, p. 506; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 542; Renz, 1984, p. 460; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 413; Caulet, 1991, p. 539; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 75.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis) bromia Ehrenberg form A
Thyrsocyrtis bromia Ehrenberg, Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1596, pl. 8, fig. 6; 1978, p. 78, pl. 10, figs. 4, 5; 1986, pl. 6, fig. 1; Moore, 1971, p. 740, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3 (partim); Dinkelman, 1973, p. 787, pl. 3, figs. 3, 6 (partim); Holdsworth, 1975, p. 531, pl. 1, figs. 12, 13 (partim); Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 11, figs. 15, 16.
Thyrsocyrtis sp. Dinkelman, 1973, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis) bromia Ehrenberg: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1982, p. 172, pl. 1, figs. 18–20 (partim); Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 687, fig. 26.4b (partim).
?Theocorys sphaerophila (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1418.
Remarks: Shell is composed of three segments. Cephalis is subspherical, perforated by small circular pores, and has rodlike apical horn with variable length. Collar stricture is distinct. Thorax is campanulate with tuberculate or smooth surface. Pores in thorax are circular to subcircular, aligned longitudinally. Lumbar stricture is distinct. Abdomen is inflated cylindrical with tuberculate or smooth surface. Pores in abdomen are very large, with roughly hexagonal framework. Distal end of abdomen is fully opened with internal ring. On peristome, if present, abdominal pore bars extend downward.
This form is distinguished from T. bromia by the internal ring at the distal end of the abdomen with or without differentiated peristome and by the strongly inflated abdomen with hexagonally framed large pores. This form is distinguished from Thyrsocyrtis pinguisicoides by the larger size of abdominal pores and inflated cylindrical abdomen.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis?) pinguisicoides O'Connor
Eucyrtidium apiculatum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 225; 1875, pl. 10, fig. 10.
Eucyrtidium sphaerophilum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 233; 1875, pl. 8, fig. 16.
?Calocyclura sphaerophilum (Ehrenberg): Kozlova, 1999, p. 154, pl. 31, figs. 7, 12, 17; pl. 46, fig. 19.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis?) pinguisicoides O'Connor, 1999, p. 29, pl. 4, figs. 28–32; pl. 7, figs. 28a–31.
Remarks: Cephalis is subspherical and perforated by subcircular pores. Apical horn is rodlike, bladed proximally in many specimens, and variable length. Collar stricture is distinct. Thorax is campanulate with circular to subcircular pores and thorny to tuberculate surface. Lumbar stricture is distinct. Abdomen is inflated subcylindrical to campanulate with subcircular to circular pores, which are larger than those in thorax. Abdominal surface is thorny to smooth. Distal end of abdomen is fully opened with internal ring. Distal appendages may be present or absent.
The earlier form of this species has a large inflated subcylindrical abdomen with a distal lattice appendage (Pl. P4, figs. 7a–8b) and resembles Eucyrtidium sphaerophilum, whereas the later one (Pl. P4, figs. 9a–12b) has a campanulate abdomen similar to Eucyrtidium apiculatum. The morphologic change between these two forms, mainly in abdominal size and shape, is gradual. This species is distinguished from Artophormis barbadensis by the inflated abdomen and from A. gracilis by a stout apical horn. The early form is distinguished from Thyrsocyrtis bromia form A by the relatively small size of abdominal pores and the distal lattice appendage (perhaps the remnant of post-abdominal segment) and from T. bromia by the internal ring at the distal end of the abdomen. Although the late form has similar shell to one of the later forms of A. gracilis (Pl. P4, figs. 3a, 3b), they are clearly distinguished by significantly different stratigraphic ranges; the former is extinct in the late Eocene and the latter appeared in the middle early Oligocene.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis) rhizodon Ehrenberg
Thyrsocyrtis rhizodon Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 262; 1875, pl. 12, fig. 1; Haeckel, 1887, p. 1350; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 525, pl. 7, figs. 6, 7; 1971, p. 1596, pl. 3C, fig. 6; 1973, p. 740; Moore, 1971, p. 740, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9; 1973, p. 822; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 542; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 787; Foreman, 1973, p. 442, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2; Johnson, 1974, p. 549, pl. 4, figs. 6–9; 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 782; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1069, pl. 1I, figs. 9–13; pl. 2D, fig. 7; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1025; 1979, p. 507; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 531, pl. 1, figs. 15, 22, 23; Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 11, fig. 18; Weaver and Dinkelman, 1978, p. 873; Renz, 1984, p. 460; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 413; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 687, figs. 26.3a, 26.3b.
Podocyrtis rhizodon Haeckel, 1887, p. 1351.
Podocyrtis aff. P. argus Ehrenberg: Riedel, 1957a, p. 260, pl. 62, fig. 4; pl. 63, fig. 8.
Thyrsocyrtis argulus (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p.542, pl. 32, fig. 8.
Thyrsocyrtis hirsuta hirsuta (Krasheninnikov): Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 11, fig. 17.
Theocotyle (Theocotyle) cryptocephala cryptocephala (Ehrenberg): Ling, 1975, p. 730, pl. 11, fig. 14.
Thyrsocyrtis (Thyrsocyrtis) rhizodon Ehrenberg: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1982, p. 173, pl. 1, figs. 14–16; pl. 3, figs. 12–17; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 75, pl. 1, fig. 14.
?Thyrsocyrtis sp.: Weaver and Dinkelman, 1978, p. 873, pl. 6, fig. 3.
Family Theoperidae Haeckel, 1881
Eusyringium fistuligerum (Ehrenberg) group
Eucyrtidium tubulus Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 36, fig. 19; 1873, p. 233; 1875, pl. 9, fig. 6.
Eucyrtidium fistuligerum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 229; 1875, pl. 9, fig. 3.
Eucyrtidium sipho Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 229; 1875, pl. 9, fig. 2.
Eusyringium fistuligerum (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1498; Riedel, 1957b, p. 94, pl. 4, fig. 8; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 527,pl. 8, figs. 8, 9; 1971, p. 1594, pl. 3B, fig. 14; 1973, p. 738; 1978, p. 68, pl. 5, figs. 6, 7; Moore, 1971, p. 741, pl. 4, figs. 10, 11; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 549, pl. 32, fig. 3; Foreman, 1973, p. 435, pl. 11, fig. 6; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 777; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1067, pl. 1F, figs. 9–12; pl. 2C, fig. 9; Johnson, 1974, p. 548, pl. 5, fig. 4; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1022; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 530; Ling, 1975, p. 728, pl. 9, figs. 19, 20; Weaver, 1983, p. 676; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 670, figs. 17.1a, 17.1b; Takemura, 1992, p. 746, pl. 7, figs. 5, 6; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 113; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73, pl. 2, figs. 2, 3.
Eusyringium tubulus (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 549, pl. 32, figs. 4, 5.
?Eusyringium fistuligerum (Ehrenberg): Chen, 1975, p. 461, pl. 3, fig. 3.
?Eusyringium tubulus (Ehrenberg): Ling, 1975, p. 729, pl. 9, fig. 22.
Lychnocanoma amphitrite Foreman
Lychnocanium sp. aff. L. bellum Clark and Campbell: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1595, pl. 3C, fig. 1 (partim).
Lychnocanoma amphitrite Foreman, 1973, p. 437, pl. 11, fig. 10; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; 1978, p. 70, pl. 7, figs. 2, 3; 1986, pl. 1, fig. 13; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1067, pl. 2D, figs. 2, 3; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1022; Chen, 1975, p. 462, pl. 2, fig. 7; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 530; Weaver, 1983, p. 678; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Caulet, 1991, p. 538; Takemura, 1992, p. 747, pl. 2, figs. 13, 14; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 114, pl. 1, fig. 21; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
Lychnocanoma babylonis (Clark and Campbell) group
Dictyophimus (Dictyophimium) babylonis Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 67, pl. 9, figs. 32, 36; Riedel, 1957b, p. 81, pl. 1, fig. 6.
Dictyophimus (Dictyophimium) cf. babylonis Clark and Campbell: Clark and Campbell, 1945, p. 38, pl. 6, fig. 2.
Sethocytris babylonis (Clark and Campbell) group: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 528, pl. 9, figs. 1–3; 1971, p. 1595, pl. 3B, fig. 13; Moore, 1971, p. 741, pl. 3, figs. 9, 10; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 780; Johnson, 1974, p. 548, pl. 2, fig. 13; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1023; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 531; Renz, 1984, p. 460; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, figs. 17.8a, 17.8b, 22.2.
Lychnocanoma babylonis (Clark and Campbell) group: Foreman, 1973, p. 437, pl. 2, fig. 1; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; Weaver, 1983, p. 678; Caulet, 1991, p. 538.
Lychnocanoma babylonis (Clark and Campbell): Nigrini, 1974, p. 1068, pl. 1G, figs. 9–14; pl. 2D, fig. 4; Chen, 1975, p. 462, pl. 2, fig. 8; Johnson, 1976, p. 436; 1978, p. 781; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1986, pl. 2, fig. 17; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
Lychnocanella babylonis (Clark and Campbell): Shilov, 1995, p. 126.
Lychnocanoma (?) babylonis (Clark and Campbell): Kozlova, 1999, pl. 27, fig. 12.
?Lychnocanoma babylonis–turgidulum group: Ling, 1975, p. 729, pl. 10, figs. 8, 9 (partim).
?Lychnocanoma sp. aff. L. babylonis (Clark and Campbell): Nishimura, 1987, p. 727, pl. 3, figs. 3–5.
Lychnocanoma tripodium (Ehrenberg) form A
Lychnocanium tripodium Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 245; 1875, pl. 6, fig. 2; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 553, pl. 29, fig. 2.
Lychnocanoma tripodium (Ehrenberg): Haeckel, 1887, p. 1229; Caulet, 1991, p. 538.
Lychnocanium grande Campbell and Clark: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 553, pl. 29, fig. 6.
Lychnocanoma sp. B: Ling, 1975, p. 729, pl. 10, fig. 14.
Theoperid gen. et sp. indet.: Sanfilippo et al., 1985, fig. 19.6.
Lychnocanium sp. aff. L. tripodium Ehrenberg: Kozlova, 1999, p. 130, pl. 24, fig. 12 (partim).
Lychnocanium separatum Moksjakova: Kozlova, 1999, p. 129, pl. 26, fig. 14; pl. 27, fig. 10; pl. 45, figs. 10, 11.
?Lychnocanium hirundo Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 36, fig. 6; 1875, pl. 7, fig. 8; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 553, pl. 29, fig. 3.
?Dictyophimus (Dictyophimium) splendens Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 66, pl. 9, fig. 34.
Lychnocanoma tripodium (Ehrenberg) form B
Lychnocanium sp. aff. L. tripodium Ehrenberg: Kozlova, 1999, p. 130, pl. 45, figs. 15, 16 (partim).
Remarks: This form is distinguished from L. tripodium by smaller shell size.
Lychnocanoma tripodium (Ehrenberg) form C
Remarks: Shell is composed of two segments. Hemispherical cephalis us hyaline, has rough surface without pores, and a conical tiny apical horn, which is shorter than the height of cephalis. Collar stricture is distinct. Thorax is globular, with rough surface and numerous tiny thorns. Thoracic pores are subcircular with rough hexagonal framework. Three long and solid feet arise from distal end of thorax and are three-bladed and curve outward. Thin porous plates with very small circular to subcircular pores connect each foot and form basal cap.
This form is distinguished from L. tripodium and L. tripodium form B by its large globular thorax with outwardly curved feet.
Lychnocanium continuum Ehrenberg
Lychnocanium continuum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 243; 1875, pl. 7, fig. 11.
Lychnocanium tridentatum Ehrenberg
Lychnocanium tridentatum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 244; 1875, pl. 6, fig. 4.
Gen. et sp. indet., cf. Lychnodictyum tridentatum (Ehrenberg): Sanfilippo et al., 1985, fig. 21.6.
Remarks: Shell surface is somewhat thorny and composed of conical cephalothorax and cylindrical post-thoracic segments. Cephalis is semispherical with circular to subcircular pores and three-bladed apical horn longer than cephalis. Collar stricture is indistinct. Conical thorax is somewhat triangular in cross section with three ridges extending to three-bladed lateral wings from its lower part, with transversely aligned circular pores. Lumbar stricture is indistinct. Abdomen and post-abdominal segments are somewhat inflated cylindrical with transversely aligned or irregularly distributed circular to subcircular pores. Distal end of shell is opened.
Stichopodium ?microporum (Ehrenberg)
Eucyrtidium microporum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 230; 1875, pl. 11, fig. 20.
Stichopodium ?microporum (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 548, pl. 25, figs. 4–6.
Remarks: Earlier form has wider abdomen and post-abdominal segment than the later form.
Family Theopiliidae Haeckel, 1881
Anthocyrtis furcata Ehrenberg
Anthocyrtis furcata Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 216; 1875, pl. 6, fig. 2.
Anthocyrtella sp.: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 33, fig. 10.
Diplocyclas spp.: Ling, 1975, p. 728, pl. 9, figs. 1, 2.
Theoperid gen. et sp. indet.: Sanfilippo et al., 1985, fig. 15.4.
Cycladophora spatiosa Ehrenberg group
Cycladophora spatiosa Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 222; 1875, pl. 18, figs. 5, 6.
Anthocyrtella spatiosa (Ehrenberg) group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 541, pl. 33, figs. 1–3; Petrushevskaya, 1975, pl. 15, fig. 6.
Theoperid gen. et sp. indet.: Sanfilippo et al., 1985, fig. 15.3.
Anthocyrtella spatiosa (Ehrenberg): Caulet, 1991, p. 537.
Eurystomoskevos petrushevskaae Caulet
Diplocyclas sp. A group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 541, pl. 33, figs. 15, 16 (partim).; Petrushevskaya, 1975, p. 587, pl. 24, fig. 4; Chen, 1975, p. 460, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5.
Eurystomoskevos petrushevskaae Caulet, 1991, p. 536, pl. 3, figs. 14, 15.
Diplocyclas sp.: Takemura, 1992, p. 746, pl. 13, fig. 16; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 113.
Pterocodon campanella Ehrenberg
Pterocodon campanella Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 256; 1875, pl. 19, fig. 2.
Order SPUMELLARIA Ehrenberg, 1875, emend. De Wever et al., 2001
Family Actinommidae Haeckel, 1862, emend. De Wever et al., 2001
Thecospharella ptomatus Sanfilippo and Riedel
(Pl. P13, figs. 10a, 10b)
Thecospharella ptomatus Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 521, pl. 2, figs. 14–18; pl. 26, fig. 2; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 740; Kozlova, 1999, p. 70, pl. 8, figs. 4,5.
(Pl. P12, figs. 11a, 11b)
?Carposphaera (Melittosphaera) magnaporulosa Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 21, pl. 5, figs. 15, 17, 21, 23.
Remarks: Outer cortical shell is spherical to somewhat irregular. Pores are circular to subcircular and hexagonally arranged. Internal shell is spherical. This species is distinguished from T. ptomatus by its smaller cortical shell.
Family Saturnalidae Deflandre, 1953
Axoprunum sp. aff. A. irregularis Kozlova
(Pl. P12, figs. 12a, 12b)
aff. Axoprunum irregularis Kozlova, 1983, p. 88, pl. 1, fig. 4; 1999, p. 69, pl. 2, fig. 7; pl. 5, fig. 1; pl. 38, fig. 14.
?Axoprunum (?) irregularis Kozlova: Takemura, 1992, p. 742, pl. 3, figs. 8–11; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 111, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Remarks: This species has a relatively smaller shell with longer polar spines than the Antarctic form reported by Takemura (1992) and Takemura and Ling (1997). Connecting bars between outer cortical shell and inner sphere are not concentrated in the equatorial horizon of shell.
Axoprunum pierinae (Clark and Campbell)
(Pl. P13, figs. 15a, 15b)
Dorylonchidium (Dorylonchella) monoxyphos monoxyphos Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 23, pl. 5, fig. 10.
Lithatractus (Lithatractona) pierinae Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 34, pl. 5, fig. 25.
Axoprunum carduum (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 521, pl. 10, fig. 1.
Axoprunum liostylum (Ehrenberg) group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 521, pl. 10, fig. 3; Petrushevskaya, 1975, p. 571, pl. 2, fig. 22.
Axoprunum pierinae (Clark and Campbell) group: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 488, pl. 1, figs. 6–12; pl. 23, fig. 3; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 737; Petrushevskaya, 1975, p. 571; Caulet, 1991, p. 537.
Axoprunum pierinae (Clark and Campbell): Dzinoridze et al., 1978, pl. 22, fig. 19; Nishimura, 1987, p. 720, pl. 1, fig. 9; Takemura, 1992, p. 742, pl. 6, figs. 3–6; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 111, pl. 1, fig. 1.
Axoprunum venustum (Borisenko): Kozlova, 1999, p. 70, pl. 33, fig. 10; pl. 38, fig. 2.
?Stylosphaera carduum Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 258; 1875, pl. 25, fig. 7.
Family Stylosphaeridae Haeckel, 1881
Stylosphaera coronata laevis Haeckel
(Pl. P13, figs. 13a, 13b)
Stylosphaera laevis Ehrenberg. 1873, p. 259; 1875, pl. 25, fig. 6.
Druppatractus (Druppatractaria) polycentrus Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 35, pl. 5, fig. 19.
Ellipsostylus (Ellipsostyletta) anisoxyphos Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 32, pl. 5, figs. 7, 11.
Lithatractus (Lithatractaria) hederae Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 33, pl. 5, fig. 3.
Druppatractus (Druppatractaria) trichopterus Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 34, pl. 5, fig. 4.
Stylatractus coronatus (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 520, pl. 11, fig. 9.
Stylosphaera ?laevis Ehrenberg: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 520, pl. 11, fig. 8.
Axoprunum polycentrum (Clark and Campbell): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 521, pl. 10, figs. 11, 12.
Stylosphaera coronata laevis Ehrenberg: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 520, pl. 1, fig. 19; pl. 25, figs. 5, 6; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 740; Johnson, 1978, p. 782.
Druppatractus coronata laevis (Ehrenberg): Ling, 1975, p. 717, pl. 1, fig. 16.
?Druppatratus sp.: Ling, 1975, p. 717, pl. 1, fig. 19, pl. 2, fig. 1.
Stylosphaera goruna Sanfilippo and Riedel
(Pl. P13, figs. 14a, 14b)
Stylosphaera goruna Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 521, pl. 1, figs. 20–22; pl. 25, figs. 9, 10; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 740; Nishimura, 1987, p. 729, pl. 1, fig. 3.
?Stylatractus spinulosus (Ehrenberg) group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 519, pl. 11, figs. 2–4.
Family Coccodiscidae Haeckel, 1862, Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1980
Subfamily Artiscinae Haeckel, 1881, emend. Riedel, 1967
Didymocyrtis prismatica (Haeckel)
Pipettella prismaticus Haeckel, 1887, p. 305; Riedel, 1959, p. 289, pl. 1, fig. 2.
Pipettella tuba Haeckel, 1887, p. 337, pl. 39, fig. 7; Dreyer, 1889, pl. 10, fig. 72.
Cannartiscus canavarii Vinassa de Regny, 1900, p. 236, pl. 1, fig. 45; Lucchese, 1927, p. 94, pl. 5, fig. 13.
Cannartus prismaticus (Haeckel): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 520, pl. 15, fig. 1; 1971, p. 1588, pl. 2C, figs. 11–13; pl. 4, fig. 5; 1973, p. 738; Kling, 1971, p. 1086, pl. 3, fig. 2; Moore, 1971, p. 736, pl. 12, figs. 1, 2; Goll, 1972, p. 956, pl. 3, figs. 1–3; pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 521; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 765, pl. 5, fig. 5; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1064, pl. 2A, figs. 1, 2; Johnson, 1974, p. 545; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 519; Ling, 1975, p. 717, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8; Theyer et al., 1978, pl. 1, fig. 14.
Ommatartus prismaticus (Haeckel): Kellogg, 1980, fig. 1.1.
Didymocyrtis prismatica (Haeckel): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1980, p. 1010; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 659, fig. 8.1; Nigrini, 1985, p. 520; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 275; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 72.
?Doryphacus bergontianus Carnevale, 1908, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 14.
?Cannartus prismaticus (Haeckel): Petrushevskaya, 1975, p. 577, pl. 7, figs. 5–7.
?Cannartus sp. aff. C. prismaticus (Haeckel): Chen, 1975, p. 453, pl. 20, fig. 7.
Subfamily Coccodiscinae Haeckel, 1862
Lithocyclia angusta (Riedel)
Trigonactura ?angusta Riedel, 1959, p. 292, pl. 1, fig. 6.
Lithocyclia angustum (Riedel): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 522, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2; 1971, p. 1588, pl. 3A, figs, 1, 3; 1978, p. 70, pl. 6, fig. 5; Moore, 1971, p. 737, pl. 6, figs. 5, 6; Goll, 1972, p. 957, pl. 11, fig. 1; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 768, pl. 5, figs. 7, 8; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1065, pl. 2A, figs. 4–6; 1985, p. 523; Johnson, 1974, p. 545, pl. 6, fig. 4; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1022; Ling, 1975, p. 725, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6.
Lithocyclia angusta (Riedel): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 523; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 528; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 653, figs. 7.3a–7.3c; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 279, pl. 3, figs. 7–9; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
?Lithocyclia angusta (Riedel) Form A: Holdsworth, 1975, p. 528, pl. 1, figs. 7, 8.
Lithocyclia aristotelis (Ehrenberg) group
Astromma aristotelis Ehrenberg, 1847, p. 55, fig. 10; 1873, p. 217; 1875, pl. 30, figs. 3, 4.
Hymeniastrum pythagorae Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 36, fig. 31; 1873, p. 237; 1875, pl. 30, fig. 5.
Astromma pythagorae Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 217; 1875, pl. 30, fig. 2.
Astractinium aristotelis (Ehrenberg) group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 524, pl. 16, figs. 1–5.
Trigonactinium pythagorae (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 524, pl. 17, fig. 1.
Lithocyclia aristotelis (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 522, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2.
Lithocyclia aristotelis (Ehrenberg) group: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1588, pl. 3A, figs. 4, 5; 1973, p. 739; 1978, p. 70, pl. 6, fig. 6; 1986, pl. 2, figs. 23, 24; Moore, 1971, p. 737, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 523; 1974, p. 1022; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 768; Johnson, 1974, p. 545, pl. 5, figs. 13, 14; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1065, pl. 2A, fig. 7; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 528; Ling, 1975, p. 725, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 653, figs. 7.2a–7.2c (partim); Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73.
Lithocyclia aristotelis (Ehrenberg) group form A
Astractinium sp. A: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 16, fig. 6.
Astractinium spp. aff. Lithocyclia crux Moore: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 524, pl. 16, fig. 8 (partim).
Lithocyclia aristotelis (Ehrenberg) group: Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 653, fig. 7.2d (partim).
Remarks: Phacoid cortical shell, rounded quadrangular in section, without patagium and spongy meshwork, with four arms. Proximal part of arms with pores aligned along rough longitudinal ridges. This form is distinguished from L. aristotelis group by the porous arms in its proximal part.
Lithocyclia crux Moore, 1971, p. 737, pl. 6, fig. 4; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 523; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; 1978, p. 70, pl. 6, fig. 7; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 768, pl. 5, fig. 9; Johnson, 1974, p. 545, pl. 6, fig. 5; 1976, p. 435; 1978, p. 781; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 528; Ling, 1975, p. 725, pl. 3, fig. 9; Weaver, 1983, p. 678; Renz, 1984, p. 459; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Nigrini, 1985, p. 523; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 655, figs. 7.4a, 7.4b; Sanfilippo and Nigrini, 1995, p. 279.
Lithocyclia sp. cf. L. angustum (Riedel): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, pl. 3A, fig. 2.
Astractinium sp. C: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 524, pl. 16, fig. 10.
Lithocyclia ocellus Ehrenberg group
Lithocyclia ocellus Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 36, fig. 30; 1873, p. 240; 1875, pl. 29, fig. 3; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 523, pl. 15, figs. 1, 2.
Lithocyclia ocellus Ehrenberg group: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1971, p. 1588, pl. 3A, fig. 6; 1973, p. 739, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8; 1978, p. 70, pl. 6, fig. 8; 1986, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5; Moore, 1971, p. 737, pl. 4, fig. 1; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 523, pl. 10, figs. 1, 2; 1974, p. 1022; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 768; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1065, pl. 1D, figs. 3–6; Johnson, 1974, p. 545; 1978, p. 781; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 528; Ling, 1975, p. 725, pl. 3, fig. 10; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412; Sanfilippo et al., 1985, p. 655, figs. 7.1a, 7.1b; Nigrini and Sanfilippo, 2000, p. 73, pl. 2, figs. 14–17.
Lithocyclia sp. aff. L. stella Ehrenberg
aff. Lithocyclia stella Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 240; 1875, pl. 29, fig. 2.
Remarks: This species is distinguished from L. stella by the spongy meshwork surrounding phacoid cortical shell and from L. ocellus by the absence of patagium in spongy part surrounding phacoid shell.
Periphaena decora Ehrenberg
Periphaena decora Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 246; 1875, pl. 6, fig. 2; Riedel, 1957a, p. 258, pl. 62, fig. 1; Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 523, pl. 14, figs. 1, 2; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 523, pl. 8, figs. 8–10; pl. 27, figs. 2–4 (partim); Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1065, pl. 1C, figs. 1, 2, 4, 6 (partim); Ling, 1975, p. 725, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2; Weaver, 1983, p. 678; Caulet, 1991, p. 538; Takemura, 1992, p. 743, pl. 6, fig. 8; Takemura and Ling, 1997, p. 114.
Periphaena cincta Haeckel, 1887, p. 426, pl. 33, fig. 4.
Perizona scutella Haeckel, 1887, p. 427, pl. 32, fig. 7.
Heliodiscus cingillum Haeckel, 1887, p. 448, pl. 33, fig. 7.
Periphaena triactis (Ehrenberg)
Haliomma triactis Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 236; 1875, pl. 28, fig. 4.
Sethostylus sp. aff. Phacostylus amphistylus Haeckel: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 522, pl. 13, fig. 1.
?Triactis triactis (Ehrenberg): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 523, pl. 13, fig. 2; Kozlova, 1999, pl. 28, fig. 8; pl. 29, fig. 5; Popova et al., 2002, p. 50, fig. 8A.
?Triactis tripyramis Haeckel, 1887, p. 432, pl. 33, fig. 6.
?Triactis tripyramis tripyramis Haeckel: Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 521, pl. 4, fig. 8; Moore, 1971, p. 737, pl. 1, fig. 8; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 767; Ling, 1975, p. 725, pl. 3, fig. 4.
Euchitonia furcata Ehrenberg: Ling, 1975, p. 725, pl. 4, fig. 3.
?Histiastrum ternarium Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 237; 1875, pl. 24, fig. 2.
?Rhopalastrum profunda (Ehrenberg) group: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 529, pl. 20, fig. 8 (partim).
Remarks: This species is distinguished from L. aristotelis group by the smaller phacoid cortical shell and from L. aristotelis form A group by three spongy arms.
Astractinium sp. B: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 16, fig. 7.
Astractinium spp. aff. Lithocyclia crux Moore: Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, p. 524, pl. 16, fig. 9 (partim).
Lithocyclia aff. crux Moore: Nigrini, 1974, p. 1065, pl. 2A, fig. 8.
Remarks: This species is mostly similar to Rhopalastrum sp. A and is distinguished from it by four spongy arms. This species is distinguished from L. aristotelis group and L. crux by the smaller phacoid cortical shell.
Remarks: Phacoid cortical shell is subcircular to irregular in horizontal cross section and is approximately twice as broad as medullary shell. Medullary shell is subcircular to irregular in cross section. Rounded quadrangular spongy meshwork surrounds cortical shell, with four spongy tubules extending from the corners. Patagium may be present or absent at the most inner part of the spongy meshwork.
This species is distinguished from Lithocyclia sp. aff. L. stella by the quadrangular-shaped spongy meshwork surrounding a smaller phacoid cortical shell. The small phacoid shell is same as those of Rhopalastrum sp. A and Rhopalastrum sp. B; this species is distinguished from them by the spongy meshwork surrounding the phacoid shell.
Family Collosphaeridae Müller 1858
Polysolenia sp.: Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 485, pl. 22, fig. 1.
Remarks: Shell is spherical to somewhat irregular spherical with subcircular pores.
Remarks: Shell is spherical to irregular spherical with polygonal pores. This species is distinguished from Collosphaera sp. A by the smaller polygonal pores and narrower pore bars.
Family Entapiidae Dumitrica, 2001
Zealithapium mitra (Ehrenberg) group
Cornutella mitra Ehrenberg, 1873, p. 221; 1875, pl. 2, fig. 8.
Lithapium mitra (Ehrenberg): Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 520, pl. 4, figs. 6, 7; 1973, p. 516; 1978, p. 69, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2; Moore, 1971, p. 736, pl. 3, fig. 1; Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1974, p. 1022; Weaver, 1983, p. 678; Sanfilippo and Riedel in Saunders et al., 1985, p. 412.
Lithapium ?mitra (?): Petrushevskaya and Kozlova, 1972, pl. 34, fig. 3; Dinkelman, 1973, p. 764.
Lithapium cf. mitra (Ehrenberg): Takemura, 1992, p. 742, pl. 7, fig. 2.
Zealithapium mitra (Ehrenberg): O'Connor, 1999, p. 5.
Zealithapium anoectum (Ehrenberg) group
Lithapium (?) anoectum Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1970, p. 520, pl. 4, figs. 4, 5.
Lithapium anoectum Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 516, pl. 24, figs. 6, 7; 1974, p. 1022; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739; Nigrini, 1974, p. 1064, pl. 1A, figs. 1, 2; Holdsworth, 1975, p. 521; Takemura, 1992, p. 742, pl. 7, fig. 1; Kozlova, 1999, p. 125, pl. 32, fig. 19.
Zealithapium anoectum (Ehrenberg): O'Connor, 1999, p. 5.
Remarks: Because of the common occurrence of broken specimens missing the distal part of the shell, Zealithapium mitra (Pl. P17, figs. 5a, 5b) and Zealithapium anoectum (Pl. P17, figs. 6a, 6b) are counted together with the Z. mitra group.
Family Litheliidae Haeckel, 1862
Lithelius hexaxyphophorus (Clark and Campbell)
Lithelius hexaxyphophorus (Clark and Campbell): Sanfilippo and Riedel, 1973, p. 522, pl. 7, figs. 7–9; pl. 26, figs. 6, 7; Riedel and Sanfilippo, 1973, p. 739, pl. 3, fig. 6.
Remarks: Cortical shell, spherical and large. Numerous spines extend from cortical shell rodlike or bladed proximally, variable in length and breadth. Pores in cortical are shell small, circular to subcircular, and randomly distributed with high pore bars. Internal shell is roughly spiral and connected to cortical shell by numerous radial beams.
Family Spongodiscidae Haeckel, 1862
Rhopalodictyum californicum Clark and Campbell
(Pl. P17, figs. 10a, 10b)
Rhopalodictyum (Rhopalodictya) californicum Clark and Campbell, 1942, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 13.
