Figure F3. Constant-flow closed system used in permeability measurements. The permeameter cell is connected to the cell pump, which infuses and withdraws water at a constant rate of flow across the sample. The absolute pressure transducers measure the pressure difference across the sample (head change) and the pressure difference between the cell fluid and the pore water fluid (effective stress).

Figure F3. Constant-flow closed system used in permeability measurements. The permeameter cell is connected to the cell pump, which infuses and withdraws water at a constant rate of flow across the sample. The absolute pressure transducers measure the pressure difference across the sample (head change) and the pressure difference between the cell fluid and the pore water fluid (effective stress).