|
Species event
|
Zone/Subzone (base)
|
Age (Ma)
|
Reference
|
Age (Ma)
|
Reference
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Emiliania huxleyi | CN15/NN21 | 0.26 | 1 |
|
|
| T | Pseudoemiliania lacunosa | CN14b/NN20 | 0.46 | 1 |
|
|
| B | Gephyrocapsa parallela (= reentrance medium G.) |
|
1.01 | 2 |
|
|
| T | Large Gephyrocapsa spp. |
|
1.24 | 2 |
|
|
| B | Medium Gephyrocapsa spp. | CN13b | 1.71 | 2 |
|
|
| Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary |
|
1.81 | 3 |
|
|
|
| T | Discoaster brouweri | CN13a/NN19 | 1.95 | 4 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster pentaradiatus | CN12d/NN18 | 2.52 | 5 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster surculus | CN12c/NN17 | 2.63 | 5 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster tamalis | CN12b+c | 2.83 | 5 |
|
|
| T | Sphenolithus spp. | CN12aB* | 3.66 | 6 |
|
|
| T | Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus | CN12aA*/NN16 | 3.80 | 6 |
|
|
| T | Amaurolithus spp. | CN11 | 4.56 | 6 |
|
|
| T | Ceratolithus acutus | CN10c/NN13 | 5.05 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Ceratolithus rugosus | CN10c/NN13 | 5.10 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus |
|
5.23 | 7 |
|
|
| Miocene/Pliocene boundary |
|
5.32 | 8 |
|
|
|
| B | Ceratolithus acutus | CN10b | 5.37 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster quinqueramus | CN10a/NN12 | 5.54 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Nicklithus amplificus | CN9bC* | 6.00 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Nicklithus amplificus | CN9bB* | 6.84 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Paracme Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus |
|
7.29 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Amaurolithus primus | CN9bA* | 7.39 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster berggrenii | CN9a/NN11 | 8.28 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster loeblichii | CN8b | 8.43 | 6 |
|
|
| B | Paracme Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus |
|
8.79 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster hamatus | CN8a/NN10 | 9.63 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Catinaster calyculus |
|
9.64 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Catinaster coalitus |
|
9.69 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster neohamatus |
|
10.45 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster hamatus | CN7a/NN9 | 10.48 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Catinaster coalitus | CN6/NN8 | 10.79 | 7 |
|
|
| T | Coccolithus miopelagicus |
|
11.02 | 7 |
|
|
| TC | Discoaster kugleri |
|
11.60 | 7 |
|
|
| BC | Discoaster kugleri | CN5b/NN7 | 11.88 | 7 |
|
|
| B | Triquetrorhabdulus rugosus |
|
12.81 | 6 |
|
|
| TC | Cyclicargolithus floridanus |
|
13.19 | 6 |
|
|
| T | Sphenolithus heteromorphus | CN5a/NN6 | 13.55 | 9 |
|
|
| T | Helicosphaera ampliaperta | CN4/NN5 | 15.03 | 10 |
|
|
| T | Acme Discoaster deflandrei |
|
15.60 | 10 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster signus |
|
15.60 | 10 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus heteromorphus | CN3 | 17.76 | 11 |
|
|
| T | Sphenolithus belemnos | CN3/NN4 | 17.89 | 11 |
|
|
| T | Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus | NN3 | 18.36 | 11 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus belemnos | CN2 | 18.92 | 11 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus disbelemnos |
|
22.76 | 11 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster druggii | CN1c/NN2 | 22.82 | 11 |
|
|
| Oligocene/Miocene boundary |
|
23.03 | 11 |
|
|
|
| T | Sphenolithus delphix |
|
23.07 | 11 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus delphix |
|
23.33 | 12 |
|
|
| T | Sphenolithus ciperoensis | CN1a | 24.23 | 12 |
|
|
| T | Acme Cyclicargolithus abisectus | CN1b | 24.79 | 12 |
|
|
| T | Sphenolithus distentus | CP19b/NP25 | 25.98 | 12 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus ciperoensis | CP19a/NP24 | 27.55 | 12 |
|
|
| T | Sphenolithus pseudoradians |
|
29.1 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus distentus | CP18 | 30.32 | 12 |
|
|
| T |
Reticulofenestra umbilicus  14 µm |
CP17/NP23 | 31.7 | 14 |
|
|
| T | Increase Ericsonia obruta | CP16b | 32.2 | 14 |
|
|
| T | Isthmolithus recurvus |
|
32.7 | 14 |
|
|
| T | Ericsonia formosa | CP16c/NP22 | 32.9 | 14 |
|
|
| B | Increase Ericsonia obruta |
|
33.7 | 14 |
|
|
| Eocene/Oligocene boundary |
|
33.7 | 13 |
|
|
|
| T | Discoaster saipanensis | CP16a/NP21 | 34.0 | 14 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster barbadiensis | CP16a | 34.2 | 14 |
|
|
| T | Calcidiscus protoannulus |
|
34.9 | 15 |
|
|
| B | Isthmolithus recurvus | NP19 | 36.6 | 14 |
|
|
| B | Chiasmolithus oamaruensis | NP18 | 37.0 | 13 |
|
|
| T | Chiasmolithus grandis | CP15 | 37.1 | 14 |
|
|
| B | Dictyococcites bisectus |
|
38.5 | 16 |
|
|
| B | Dictyococcites scrippsae |
|
40.3 | 14 |
|
|
| T | Chiasmolithus solitus | CP14b/NP17 | 40.4 | 13 |
|
|
| T | Nannotetrina spp. |
|
42.3 | 14 |
|
|
| B |
Reticulofenestra umbilicus 14 µm |
CP14a | 42.5 | 14 |
|
|
| T | Blackites gladius | NP16 | 43.4 | 13 |
|
|
| T | Nannotetrina fulgens |
|
43.4 | 17 |
|
|
| T | Chiasmolithus gigas | CP13c | 44.0 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Chiasmolithus gigas | CP13b | 46.1 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Nannotetrina fulgens | CP13a/NP15 | 47.0 | 17 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster sublodoensis |
|
47.2 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Nannotetrina spp. |
|
47.8 | 17 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster lodoensis |
|
48.0 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Rhabdosphaera inflata | CP12b | 48.5 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster sublodoensis | CP12a/NP14 | 49.3 | 17 |
|
|
| T | Tribrachiatus orthostylus | NP13 | 51.0 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Toweius crassus | CP11 | 51.5 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster lodoensis | CP10/NP12 | 52.4 | 17 |
|
|
| T | Discoaster multiradiatus |
|
53.0 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus radians |
|
53.3 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Tribrachiatus orthostylus | CP9b/NP11 | 53.4 | 17 | 53.400 | 18 |
| X | Tribrachiatus bramlettei/Tribrachiatus contortus |
|
53.7 | 17 | 53.875 | 18 |
| B | Discoaster diastypus | CP9a | 53.9 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Tribrachiatus bramlettei | CP9a/NP10 | 53.9 | 17 | 54.359 | 18 |
| B | Rhomboaster cuspis |
|
54.1 | 17 |
|
|
| T | Fasciculithus spp. |
|
54.1 | 17 |
|
|
| Paleocene/Eocene boundary† |
|
55.0 | 19 |
|
|
|
| B | Discoaster multiradiatus | CP8/NP9 | 56.2 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster okadai |
|
56.4 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster nobilis | CP7 | 56.5 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Heliolithus riedelii | NP8 | 57.3 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Discoaster mohleri | CP6/NP7 | 57.5 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Heliolithus kleinpellii | CP5/NP6 | 58.2 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus anarrhopus |
|
58.4 | 15 |
|
|
| B | Heliolithus cantabriae |
|
58.8 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Fasciculithus pileatus |
|
59.3 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Fasciculithus tympaniformis | CP4/NP5 | 59.7 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Fasciculithus spp. |
|
60.0 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Sphenolithus spp. |
|
60.7 | 17 |
|
|
| B | Ellipsolithus macellus | CP3/NP4 | 62.6 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Chiasmolithus danicus | CP2/NP3 | 64.2 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Cruciplacolithus tenuis s.s. | CP1b/NP2 | 64.5 | 13 |
|
|
| Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary |
|
65.0 |
|
|
|
|
| T | Cretaceous taxa (Micula prinsii) |
|
65.0 | 13 |
|
|
| B | Micula prinsii |
|
65.4 | 20 |
|
|
| B | Nephrolithus frequens | CC26 | 65.8 | 20, 21 |
|
|
| B | Micula murus | NC23 | 66.2 | 20 |
|
|
| B | Lithraphidites quadratus | NC22 | 67.5 | 20 |
|
|
| T | Reinhardtites levis | CC25 | 69.2 | 20, 21 |
|
|
Notes: B = base, T = top, TC = top common, BC = base common, X = abundance crossover. Bold = astrochronologically tuned datums. References: 1 = Thierstein et al. (1977); 2 = Raffi (2002); 3 = Lourens et al. (1996); 4 = Raffi et al. (1993); 5 = Tiedemann et al. (1994); 6 = Raffi and Flores (1995); 7 = Backman and Raffi (1997); 8 = Van Couvering et al. (1998); 9 = Shackleton et al. (1999); 10 = Shackleton et al. (2001); 11 = Lourens et al. (in press); 12 = H. Pälike et al. (pers. comm., 2003); 13 = Berggren et al. (1995b); 14 = Backman (1987); 15 = Coccioni et al. (1988); 16 = Monechi and Thierstein (1985); 17 = Backman (1986); 18 = Lyle, Wilson, Janecek, et al. (2002); 19 = Norris and Röhl (1999); 20 = Erba et al. (1995); 21 = Sissingh (1977). * = further subdivision of subzones (CN12aB, etc.) according to Bukry (1991) and Raffi and Flores (1995). † = carbon isotope excursion calibrated by astronomically tuning at ODP Site 1051 (Röhl et al., 2003).