|
Species event
|
Zone/Subzone (base)
|
Age (Ma)
|
Reference
|
Age (Ma)
|
Reference
|
Comment
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | Globorotalia tosaensis | PT1b | 0.65 | 1 | 0.61 | 9 |
|
| T | Globigerinoides obliquus |
|
1.30 | 3 | 1.30 | 9 |
|
| T | Globigerina apertura |
|
1.64 | 3 | 1.68 | 9 |
|
| Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary |
|
1.81 | 7 | 1.81 | 9 |
|
|
| T | Globigerinoides extremus |
|
1.98 | 3 | 1.91 | 9 |
|
| B | Globorotalia truncatulinoides | N22 | 1.92 | 3 | 2.03 | 9 |
|
| B | Pulleniatina finalis |
|
2.04 | 3 | 2.05 | 9 |
|
|
|
Pulleniatina reappearance |
|
2.26 | 3 | 2.28 | 9 |
|
| T | Globoturborotalita woodi |
|
2.33 | 3 | 2.30 | 9 |
|
| T | Menardella miocenica | Pl6 | 2.38 | 3 | 2.38 | 9 |
|
| T | Globigerina decoraperta |
|
2.75 | 3 | 2.70 | 9 |
|
| T | Dentoglobigerina altispira | PL5 | 3.11 | 3 | 3.02 | 9 |
|
| T | Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina | PL4 | 3.11 | 3 | 3.18 | 9 |
|
| B | Globorotalia tosaensis | N21 | 3.35 | 1 |
|
|
?? |
|
|
Pulleniatina disappearance |
|
3.41 | 3 | 3.48 | 9 |
|
| B | Menardella miocenica |
|
3.77 | 3 | 3.48 | 9 |
|
| T | Hirsutella margaritae | PL3 | 3.85 | 3 | 3.88 | 9 |
|
| T | Neogloboquadrina acostaensis |
|
|
|
3.83 | 9 |
|
| T | Globorotalia plesiotumida |
|
3.77 | 3 | 4.15 | 9 |
|
| T | Hirsutella cibaoensis |
|
4.60 | 2 | 4.16 | 9 |
|
| B | Globorotalia crassaformis s.l. |
|
4.31 | 3 | 4.31 | 9 |
|
| T | Globoturborotalita nepenthes | PL2 | 4.39 | 3 | 4.37 | 9 |
|
| B | Sphaeroidinella dehiscens s.l. | N19 | 5.54 | 3 | 4.94 | 9 |
|
| Miocene/Pliocene boundary |
|
5.32 | 9 | 5.33 | 9 |
|
|
| B | Globigerinoides conglobatus |
|
6.20 | 3 | 5.84 | 9 |
|
| B | Globorotalia tumida | N18/PL1 | 5.82 | 3 | 5.96 | 9 |
|
| B | Hirsutella margaritae |
|
6.09 | 3 | 5.99 | 9 |
|
| B | Globoconella conomiozea | Base Mt10 | 7.12 (6.9) | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Hirsutella cibaoensis |
|
|
|
7.91 | 9 |
|
| B | Globorotalia plesiotumida | N17/M13b | 8.58 | 3 | 8.91 | 9 |
|
| B | Globigerinoides extremus |
|
8.58 | 3 | 8.94 | 9 |
|
| B | Hirsutella juanai |
|
9.76 | 3 | 9.75 | 9 |
|
| B | Neogloboquadrina acostaensis | N16/M13a | 9.82 | 3 | 9.89 | 9 |
|
| T | Paragloborotalia siakensis | N15/M12 |
|
|
10.43 | 9 |
|
| T | Paragloborotalia mayeri | Base Mt9 | 10.49 | 3 | 10.70 | 9 |
|
| T | Menardella praemenardii |
|
|
|
10.09 | 9 |
|
| B | Globigerina apertura |
|
|
|
11.06 | 9 |
|
| B | Hirsutella challengeri |
|
|
|
11.14 | 9 |
|
| B | Globigerina decoraperta |
|
11.46 | 3 | 11.43 | 9 |
|
| B | Globoturborotalita nepenthes | N14/M11/Mt8 | 11.19 | 3 | 11.64 | 9 |
|
| T | Clavatorella bermudezi |
|
|
|
12.02 | 9 |
|
| B | Sphaeroidinellopsis subdehiscens | N13a |
|
|
13.03 | 9 |
|
| B | Fohsella praefohsi | N11/M7b |
|
|
13.45 | 9 |
|
| B | Hirsutella praescitula |
|
|
|
13.73 | 9 |
|
| T | Menardella archaeomenardii |
|
14.20 | 4 | 13.92 | 9 |
|
| T | Fohsella peripheroronda | Base Mt7 | 14.20 | 4 | 13.92 | 9 |
|
| B | Menardella praemenardii |
|
14.90 | 4 | 13.95 | 9 |
|
| B | Fohsella peripheroacuta | N10/M7a | 14.70 | 4 | 14.02 | 9 |
|
| T | Globigerinatella insueta |
|
|
|
14.50 | 9 |
|
| T | Praeorbulina circularis |
|
|
|
14.58 | 9 |
|
| T | Praeorbulina sicana |
|
14.80 | 4 | 14.63 | 9 |
|
| B | Clavatorella bermudezi |
|
|
|
14.70 | 9 |
|
| B | Orbulina suturalis | Base Mt6 |
|
|
14.70 | 9 |
|
| B | Orbulina spp. | N9/M6 | 15.10 | 4 | 14.71 | 9 |
|
| B | Praeorbulina circularis |
|
16.00 | 4 | 15.15 | 9 |
|
| B | Menardella archaeomenardii |
|
|
|
16.16 | 9 |
|
| B | Praeorbulina glomerosa | M5b | 16.10 | 4 | 16.16 | 9 |
|
| B | Praeorbulina sicana | N8/M5a | 16.40 | 4 | 16.86 | 9 |
|
| T | Catapsydrax dissimilis | N7/M4a | 17.30 | 4 | 17.51 | 9 |
|
| B | Globigerinatella insueta s.s. | N6/M3 | 18.80 | 4 | 17.57 | 9 |
|
| T | Globoquadrina binaiensis |
|
19.10 | 4 | 19.08 | 9 |
|
| B | Globoquadrina binaiensis |
|
|
|
19.98 | 9 |
|
| B | Globigerinoides altiapertura |
|
20.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Paragloborotalia kugleri | N5/M2 | 21.50 | 2 | 21.03 | 9 |
|
| B | Globorotalia incognita |
|
21.60 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri |
|
21.60 | 2 | 21.22 | 9 |
|
| T | Globigerina angulisuturalis |
|
21.60 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Globoquadrina dehiscens |
|
23.20 | 2 | 21.44 | 9 |
|
| B | Globigerinoides trilobus s.l. |
|
23.40 | 4 | 22.87 | 9 |
|
| B | Paragloborotalia kugleri | N4/M1 | 23.80 | 2 | 22.87 | 9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Oligocene/Miocene boundary |
|
23.80 | 2 | 23.03 |
|
|
|
| T | Globigerina euapertura |
|
23.80 | 2 | 23.03 |
|
|
| T | Tenuitella gemma |
|
24.30 | 2 | 23.54 |
|
|
| B | Globigerinoides primordius (common) |
|
24.30 | 2 | 23.54 |
|
|
| B | Paragloborotalia pseudokugleri |
|
25.90 | 2 | 25.15 |
|
|
| B | Globigerinoides primordius |
|
26.70 | 2 | 26.22 |
|
|
| T | Globigerina labiacrassata |
|
27.10 | 2 | 26.64 |
|
|
| T | Paragloborotalia opima | P22 | 27.10 | 2 | 26.64 |
|
|
| T | Chiloguembelina cubensis (common) | P21b | 28.50 | 2 | 27.92 |
|
|
| B | Globigerina angulisuturalis | P21a | 29.40 | 2 | 28.89 |
|
|
| T | Subbotina angiporoides |
|
30.00 | 2 | 29.67 |
|
|
| T | Turborotalia ampliapertura | P20 | 30.30 | 2 | 30.12 |
|
|
| B | Paragloborotalia opima |
|
30.60 | 2 | 30.54 |
|
|
| T | Pseudohastigerina spp. | P19 | 32.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Cassigerinella chipolensis |
|
33.65 | 2 |
|
|
|
| Eocene/Oligocene boundary |
|
33.70 | 2 |
|
|
|
|
| T | Hantkenina spp. |
|
33.70 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Turborotalia cerroazulensis | P18 | 33.80 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Cribrohantkenina inflata | P17 | 34.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Globigerinatheka index |
|
34.30 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Turborotalia cunialensis | P16 | 35.20 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Turborotalia pomeroli |
|
35.30 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta |
|
35.30 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Cribrohantkenina inflata |
|
35.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Acarinina collactea |
|
37.70 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Subbotina linaperta |
|
37.70 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Morozovella spinulosa |
|
38.10 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta | P15 | 38.40 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Planorotalites spp. |
|
38.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Acarinina primitiva |
|
39.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Subbotina frontosa |
|
39.30 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Orbulinoides beckmanni | P14 | 40.10 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Orbulinoides beckmanni | P13 | 40.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Acarinina bullbrooki |
|
40.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Turborotalia pomeroli |
|
42.40 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Globigerinatheka index |
|
42.90 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella lehneri |
|
43.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Morozovella aragonensis | P12 | 43.60 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Globigerinatheka kugleri | P11 | 45.80 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Turborotalia possagnoensis |
|
46.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Hantkenina nuttalli | P10 | 49.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Planorotalites palmerae | P9 | 50.40 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Morozovella formosa | P8 | 50.80 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina pentacamerata |
|
50.80 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella aragonensis | P7 | 52.30 | 2 | 52.76 | 6 |
|
| T | Morozovella marginodentata |
|
52.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Morozovella lensiformis |
|
52.70 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina angulosa |
|
|
|
52.78 | 6 |
|
| T | Subbotina velascoensis |
|
53.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina quetra |
|
|
|
53.52 | 6 |
|
| T | Morozovella aequa |
|
53.60 | 2 | 52.89 | 6 |
|
| B | Morozovella formosa | P6b | 54.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Subbotina triangularis |
|
|
|
54.07 | 6 |
|
| B | Morozovella lensiformis |
|
54.00 | 2 | 53.68 | 6 |
|
| T | Subbotina velascoensis |
|
|
|
54.17 | 6 |
|
| T | Morozovella velascoensis | P6a | 54.70 | 2 | 54.31 | 6 |
|
| T | Morozovella acuta |
|
54.70 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella gracilis |
|
54.70 | 2 | 54.46 | 6 |
|
| B | Igorina broedermanni |
|
54.70 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella marginodentata |
|
54.80 | 2 | 54.34 | 6 |
|
| B | Chiloguembelina wilcoxensis |
|
|
|
54.94 | 6 |
|
| B | Pseudohastigerina wilcoxensis |
|
|
|
54.94 | 6 |
|
| Paleocene/Eocene boundary |
|
55.00 | 6 |
|
|
|
|
| B | Globanomalina australiformis |
|
55.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella subbotinae |
|
55.90 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Globanomalina pseudomenardii | P5 | 55.90 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Acarinina nitida (= Acarinina acarinata) |
|
56.30 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Acarinina mckannai |
|
56.30 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina soldadoensis | P4c | 56.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina coalingensis (= triplex) |
|
56.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella aequa |
|
56.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina mckannai |
|
59.10 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina subsphaerica |
|
59.20 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina nitida |
|
59.20 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Globanomalina pseudomenardii | P4a | 59.20 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Parasubbotina variospira (= varianta?) |
|
59.20 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Parasubbotina varianta |
|
59.20 | 2, 6 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella velascoensis |
|
60.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Igorina albeari | P3b | 60.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Acarinina strabocella |
|
60.50 | 6 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella conicotruncata |
|
60.90 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Morozovella angulata | P3a | 61.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Igorina pusilla |
|
61.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Praemurica praeangulata |
|
61.20 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Praemurica uncinata | P2 | 61.20 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Globoanomalina imitata |
|
61.30 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Globanomalina compressa | P1c | 63.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Praemurica inconstans |
|
63.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Parasubbotina varianta |
|
63.00 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Subbotina triloculinoides | P1b | 64.50 | 2 |
|
|
|
| T | Parvularugoglobigerina extensa |
|
64.90 | 6 |
|
|
|
| T | Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina | P1a | 64.90 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina |
P |
64.97 | 2 |
|
|
|
| Maastrichtian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| T | Abathomphalus mayaroensis |
|
65 | 2 |
|
|
|
| B | Abathomphalus mayaroenesis (KS31) |
|
68.6 | 10 |
|
|
|
| B | Racemiguembelina fructicosa–Contusotruncana contusa |
|
69.6 | 10 |
|
|
|
Notes: T = top (highest occurrence), B = bottom (lowest occurrence). Bold = astronomically tuned ages (Lourens et al., in press; H. Pälike pers. comm., 2003). References: 1 = Berggren et al. (1995a); 2 = Berggren et al. (1995b); 3 = Chaisson and Pearson (1997); 4 = Pearson and Chaisson (1997); 5 = Olsson et al. (1999); 6 = Norris and Röhl (1999); 7 = Lourens et al. (1996); 8 = Hilgen et. al (1991); 9 = Lourens et al. (in press); 10 = Premoli Silva and Sliter (1999). ?? = age not astronomically tuned.