Figure F1. Bathymetric chart of Walvis Ridge, the South African margin, DSDP sites (black circles), ODP drill sites (white circles with green centers), and proposed Leg 208 sites (white circles).

Figure F2. Bathymetric chart of Walvis Ridge, Meteor Cruise M49/1 tracklines, DSDP sites (black circles), ODP drill sites (white circles with green centers), and proposed Leg 208 sites (white circles).

Figure F3. A three-dimensional diagram of the Leg 208 drill site locations.

Figure F4. Multichannel seismic line GeoB 01-030 (Meteor Cruise M49/1) with DSDP Leg 74 sites and proposed Sites WALV-10A and WALV-11A. w.d. = water depth. GI = generated injection.

Figure F5. Cenozoic deep-sea stable isotope record based on a compilation of benthic foraminifer data from several dozen pelagic cores (modified from Zachos et al., 2001). The oxygen isotope record primarily reflects on changes in deepwater temperature and ice volume. Mi-1 and Oi-1 represent transient large-scale glaciations of Antarctica.

Figure F6. Cenozoic pCO₂ as estimated by the B isotope method (Pearson and Palmer, 2000) and by alkenone carbon isotope method (Pagani et al., 1999).

Figure F7. Benthic foraminifer isotope records across the P/E boundary from Sites 525, 527, 690, and 865 (Thomas and Shackleton, 1996; Zachos et al., 2001). The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is characterized by a 5°C warming of the deep sea.

Figure F8. Box model simulated response of oceanic carbon isotopes and lysocline depth to gradual (10 k.y.) input of 1200 Gt of methane-derived CO₂ into the ocean (Dickens, 2000).

Figure F9. DSDP Site 527 planktonic foraminiferal stable isotope records plotted against depth for the three size fractions of Acarinina soldadoensis. The arrows indicate the three size fractions (90–150, 150–250, and 300–355 µm ). The gray band indicates the position of the clay interval within Core 527-24. The CaCO₃ record reveals the low carbonate layer coincident with the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (Thomas et al., 1999).

Figure F10. A composite of the Cibicidoides spp. stable carbon and oxygen isotope records for Sites 522, 744, and 689 plotted as a function of age for the period from 31 to 35 Ma (Zachos et al., 1996; Diester-Haas and Zahn, 1996). The earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum (EOGM) spans the interval 33.0–33.4 Ma. The age model is based on the geomagnetic polarity timescale of Cande and Kent (1992). The lower scale shows the bottom water temperature for an ice-free world (pre-EOGM) assuming calcite formation in oxygen isotope equilibrium (Zachos et al., 1996). PDB = Peedee belemnite. S.W. = seawater, SMOW = standard mean ocean water.

Figure F11. Latest Cretaceous through earliest Paleogene ¹³C records from DSDP Site 528 (after D'Hondt et al., 1998). Magnetostrat. = magnetostratigraphy. K/P = Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. Open symbols = ¹³C differences between near-surface planktonic foraminifers and benthic foraminifers. Solid symbols = ¹³C differences between deeper-dwelling planktonic and benthic foraminifers. The benthic foraminifers are Gavelinella and Nuttallides. The planktonic foraminifers are Morozovella angulata (open triangles), Praemurica taurica (open circles), Eoglobigerina eobulloides (solid circles), Rugoglobigerina rotundata (open squares), Pseudotextularia elegans (solid squares), and Heterohelix rajagopalani (solid triangles). A. ¹³C differences between fine (ff; <25 µm) carbonate and benthic foraminifers (bf). B. ¹³C differences between planktonic (pf) and benthic foraminifers. C. ¹³C differences between near-surface planktonic foraminiferal species and the deepest dwelling (thermocline) planktonic species (calculated by subtracting ¹³C values of the latter from those of the former). The deepest dwelling planktonic species are H. rajagopalani (Cretaceous) and E. eobulloides (Paleogene).

Figure F12. Meteor Cruise M49/1 track chart showing the location of Site 1262 (proposed Site WALV-12A) and alternate sites (WALV-12B and WALV-12C) along line GeoB 01-035.

Figure F13. Line GeoB 01-035 and Site 1262 plotted along with age estimates of prominent reflectors. R₁ is a regional reflector that marks a local unconformity. Although time transgressive, sediments below the reflector tend to be Paleogene, above Neogene. The P/E boundary reflector (R_P/E) is at ~127 mbsf, and the K/P boundary (R_K/P) is at ~189 mbsf. Both reflectors can be traced over most of the ridge. CDP = common depth point. V.E. = vertical exaggeration.

Figure F14. Site 1262 lithostratigraphic composite illustrating downhole variation in magnetic susceptibility (MS), natural gamma radiation (NGR), carbonate content, and color reflectance (L*, lightness). Major lithologic unit boundaries coincide with step changes in these parameters. MS and NGR variations largely correlate with clay and volcaniclastic content. The P/E and K/P boundaries are distinct from adjacent sediments in their MS and NGR values as they represent intervals of decreased carbonate deposition/preservation and increased clay and volcanic ash accumulation, both of which produce distinctive increases in MS and NGR. A single value reached 625 on the MS scale as indicated in the figure.

Figure F15. Site 1262 (A) core recovery, (B) age-depth model, and (C) linear sedimentation rate (LSR) and mass accumulation rate (MAR) sampled at 1-m.y. intervals. Rectangles in (B) = condensed intervals and/or unconformities as constrained by biostratigraphic data. Horizontal lines and roman numerals in (B) = lithologic units and subunits. The highest MAR values in (C) are the total MARs; the lowest values are the "background" noncarbonate (noncarb) MARs (typically <0.1 g/cm²/k.y.), illustrating that mass accumulation at this site is controlled by carbonate deposition. Gaps in MAR estimates exist where no dry density and/or carbonate data were available for the 1-m.y. sampling interval (typically in condensed intervals). FO = first occurrence, LO = last occurrence.

Figure F16. Meteor Cruise M49/1 track chart showing the location of Site 1263 (proposed Site WALV-8E), Site 1264 (proposed Site WALV-8A), alternate sites (WALV-8B, WALV-8C, and WALV-8D) on lines GeoB 01-046 and GeoB 01-031, and other proposed sites.

Figure F17. Line GeoB 01-046 and Sites 1263 and 1264 plotted with age estimates of prominent reflectors. R₁ is a regional reflector associated with an erosional unconformity. The P/E boundary reflector (R_P/E) is estimated to be at 280 mbsf and the K/P boundary reflector (R_K/P) at 360 mbsf. R_O/M = Oligocene/Miocene boundary reflector. CDP = common depth point. V.E. = vertical exaggeration.

Figure F18. Stratigraphic variation in parameters used to define Site 1263 lithostratigraphic units. Foraminifer percentages (triangles) are smoothed with a 3-point moving average (line). Natural gamma radiation (NGR) is smoothed with a 5-point moving average. MS = magnetic susceptibility. cps = counts per second.

Figure F19. Site 1263 (A) core recovery, (B) age-depth model, and (C) linear sedimentation rate (LSR) and mass accumulation rate (MAR) sampled at 1-m.y. intervals. Rectangle in (B) = condensed interval and/or unconformity as constrained by biostratigraphic data. Horizontal lines and roman numerals in (B) = lithologic subunits. The highest MAR values in (C) are the total MARs; the lowest values are the "background" noncarbonate (noncarb) MARs (typically <0.1 g/cm²/k.y.), illustrating that mass accumulation at this site is controlled by carbonate deposition. Gaps in MAR estimates exist where no dry density and/or carbonate data were available for the 1-m.y. sampling interval (typically in condensed intervals). FO = first occurrence, LO = last occurrence.

Figure F20. Line GeoB 01-046 and Sites 1263 and 1264 plotted with age estimates of prominent reflectors. R_O/M is the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. R₁ is a regional reflector associated with an erosional unconformity. The P/E boundary reflector (R_P/E) is estimated to be at 280 mbsf and the K/P boundary reflector (R_K/P) at 360 mbsf. CDP = common depth point. V.E. = vertical exaggeration.

Figure F21. Stratigraphic variation in parameters used to define Site 1264 lithostratigraphic units, including magnetic susceptibility (MS), nannofossil content, color reflectance (b*, blue-yellow chromaticity value), and P-wave velocity (V_P). MS and color reflectance data are smoothed with a 5-point moving average. Nannofossil content and V_P are smoothed with a 5% weighted average.

Figure F22. Site 1264 (A) core recovery, (B) age-depth model, and (C) linear sedimentation rate (LSR) and mass accumulation rate (MAR) sampled at 1-m.y. intervals. Rectangle in (B) = condensed interval and/or unconformity as constrained by biostratigraphic data. Horizontal lines and roman numerals = lithologic units and subunits. The highest MAR values in (C) are the total MARs; the lowest values are the "background" noncarbonate (noncarb) MARs (typically <0.1 g/cm²/k.y.), illustrating that mass accumulation at this site is controlled by carbonate deposition. Gaps in MAR estimates exist where no dry density and/or carbonate data were available for the 1-m.y. sampling interval (typically in condensed intervals). FO = first occurrence, LO = last occurrence.

Figure F23. Line GeoB 01-048 and Site 1265 plotted with prominent reflectors. R_O/M is just below the Oligocene/Miocene boundary at ~113 mbsf. The P/E boundary reflector (R_P/E) is at ~275 mbsf, and the K/P boundary reflector (R_K/P) is at ~330 mbsf. CDP = common depth point, V.E. = vertical exaggeration.

Figure F24. Downcore variations in parameters used to define Site 1265 lithologic units, including magnetic susceptibility (MS) (Site 1265 splice, 21-point moving average), color reflectance (L*, lightness) (Site 1265 splice, 21-point moving average), and smear slide percentage of foraminifers (open triangles = Hole 1265A and solid triangles = Hole 1265B; solid line is combined 3-point moving average).

Figure F25. Site 1265 (A) core recovery, (B) age-depth model, and (C) linear sedimentation rate (LSR) and mass accumulation rate (MAR) sampled at 1-m.y. intervals. Rectangles in (B) = condensed intervals and/or unconformities as constrained by biostratigraphic data. Horizontal lines and roman numerals in (B) = lithologic units and subunits. The highest MAR values in (C) are the total MARs; the lowest values are the "background" noncarbonate (noncarb) MARs (typically <0.1 g/cm²/k.y.), illustrating that mass accumulation at this site is controlled by carbonate deposition. Gaps in MAR estimates exist where no dry density and/or carbonate data were available for the 1-m.y. sampling interval (typically in condensed intervals). FO = first occurrence, LO = last occurrence.

Figure F26. Line GeoB 01-030 with Site 1266 and DSDP Site 528 (proposed sites WALV-10F and WALV-10A, respectively) with age estimates of prominent reflectors. A middle–late Miocene reflector, R_M1, is at ~105 mbsf, and the Oligocene/Miocene boundary reflector, R_O/M, is at ~140 mbsf. The Paleocene/Eocene boundary reflector (R_P/E) is at ~275 mbsf, and the K/P boundary reflector (R_K/P) is at 350 mbsf. Both R_P/E and R_K/P can be identified over most of the surveyed area. CDP = common depth point. V.E. = vertical exaggeration.

Figure F27. Stratigraphic variation in parameters used to define Site 1266 lithostratigraphic units. The Unit I/II boundary was chosen at an abrupt step change in chromaticity value b*, lightness (L*), inflection in magnetic susceptibility (MS), and decrease in foraminifer abundance. The Unit II/III boundary was chosen at a decrease in lightness (L*) and increase in MS and natural gamma radiation (NGR). All data are smoothed with a 5-point moving average with the exception of NGR and smear slide components, which were smoothed with a 10-point and 3-point moving average, respectively.

Figure F28. Site 1266 (A) core recovery, (B) age-depth model, and (C) linear sedimentation rate (LSR) and mass accumulation rate (MAR) sampled at 1-m.y. intervals. Rectangles in (B) = condensed intervals and/or unconformities as constrained by biostratigraphic data. Horizontal lines and roman numerals in (B) = lithologic units. The highest MAR values in (C) are the total MARs; the lowest values are the "background" noncarbonate (noncarb) MARs (typically <0.1 g/cm²/k.y.), illustrating that mass accumulation at this site is controlled by carbonate deposition. Gaps in MAR estimates exist where no dry density and/or carbonate data were available for the 1-m.y. sampling interval (typically in condensed intervals). FO = first occurrence, LO = last occurrence.

Figure F29. Meteor Cruise M49/1 track chart showing the location of Site 1267 (proposed Site WALV-11B) and alternate Site WALV-11A (DSDP Site 527) along line GeoB 01-039.

Figure F30. Locations of Site 1267 and DSDP Site 527 along Line GeoB 01-039. R₁ is a regional reflector that marks an unconformity or condensed interval. Although time transgressive, sediments below the reflector tend to be Paleogene and those above tend to be Neogene. The P/E boundary reflector (R_P/E) is estimated to be at 213 mbsf and the K/P boundary (R_K/P) at 279 mbsf. Both reflectors can be traced over most of the ridge. CDP = common depth point. V.E. = vertical exaggeration.

Figure F31. Site 1267 lithostratigraphic composite illustrating downhole variation in magnetic susceptibility (MS), natural gamma radiation (NGR), carbonate concentration, and color reflectance (L*, lightness). Major lithologic unit boundaries coincide with step changes in these parameters. MS and NGR variations largely correlate with clay and volcaniclastic content.

Figure F32. Site 1267 (A) core recovery, (B) age-depth model, and (C) linear sedimentation rate (LSR) and mass accumulation rate (MAR) sampled at 1-m.y. intervals. Rectangles in (B) = condensed intervals and/or unconformities as constrained by biostratigraphic data. Horizontal lines and roman numerals in (B) = lithologic units and subunits. The highest MAR values in (C) are the total MARs; the lowest values are the "background" noncarbonate (noncarb) MARs (typically <0.1 g/cm²/k.y.), illustrating that mass accumulation at this site is controlled by carbonate deposition. Gaps in MAR estimates exist where no dry density and/or carbonate data were available for the 1-m.y. sampling interval (typically in condensed intervals). FO = first occurrence, LO = last occurrence.

Figure F33. Sediment age distribution at Leg 208 sites.

Figure F34. Maastrichtian, Paleocene, and lower Eocene magnetic polarity reversal records for Sites 1262, 1266, and 1267. Arrows = Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) and Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) boundaries. The geomagnetic polarity timescale (Cande and Kent, 1992) is plotted on the left.

Figure F35. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) vs. age for the complete composite sections of all Leg 208 sites, except Site 1264.

Figure F36. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) vs. age for the 0- to 5-Ma time interval of all Leg 208 sites, except Site 1263.

Figure F37. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) vs. age for the 52- to 56-Ma time interval of all Leg 208 sites, except Site 1264. P/E = P/E boundary.

Figure F38. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) vs. age for the 52- to 66-Ma time interval of Sites 1262 and 1267. K/P = K/P boundary, P/E = P/E boundary.

Figure F39. Depth-scale representation of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) record at Site 1264 between 170 and 260 mcd (early to early late Miocene, 11 to 23 Ma). Assuming a sedimentation rate of ~0.9 cm/k.y., the energy bands centered on the 0.36- and 0.9-cm depth scale may be linked to obliquity and eccentricity forcing, respectively. Modulations in the energy bands are probably related to changes in sedimentation rates.

Figure F40. Depth-scale representation of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) record at Site 1265 between 278.9 and 294.8 mcd (early Eocene, 53.3 to 53.9 Ma). Assuming an average sedimentation rate of ~2.1 cm/k.y., the energy bands centered on the 0.5- and 2.5-m scale may be linked to precession and eccentricity forcing, respectively. The 1-m energy band might be linked to obliquity. Modulations in the energy bands are probably related to slight changes in sedimentation rates.

Figure F41. Depth-scale representation of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) record at Site 1267 between 320.9 and 367.5 mcd (Maastrichtian, 65 to 67.5 Ma). Assuming a sedimentation rate of ~2 cm/k.y., the energy bands centered on the 0.4- and 2.0-m depth scale may be linked to precession and eccentricity forcing, respectively. The 0.8-m energy band might be linked to obliquity but can also be related to changes in sedimentation rate.

Figure F42. Age-depth models for Leg 208 sites.

Figure F43. Linear sedimentation rates (LSRs) and total mass accumulation rates (MARs) at Leg 208 sites. The bulk of the MARs are due to carbonate deposition; noncarbonate accumulation rates are typically <0.1 g/cm²/k.y. (see Figs. F15, F19, F22, F25, F28, F32). The shaded rectangles highlight time intervals of relatively increased accumulation rates across the sites: the late Paleocene to early Eocene at all sites, the early Oligocene at some sites, and the Pliocene at most sites.

Figure F44. Lithostratigraphy of Leg 208 sites with mass accumulation rates (MARs) vs. age.

Figure F45. Carbonate contours and accumulation contours. MAR = mass accumulation rate.

Figure F46. The Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary at Walvis Ridge Holes 1262B, 1262C, 1267A, and 1267B. A strong change in magnetic susceptibility (MS) and color reflectance (L*) indicate the Fe oxide–bearing nonbioturbated foraminifer nannofossil boundary layer. The interpolated bases of planktonic foraminifer zones are indicated by arrows and biostratigraphic sample locations by black squares. The records are all at the same scale.

Figure F47. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) and color reflectance (L*) data for Sections 208-1262B-18H-4, 208-1267B-27X-6 and 27X-CC (a small recovery gap between Sections 208-1267B-27X-6 and 27X-CC is possible), and 208-1266C-21X-1 exhibiting the mid-Paleocene biotic event on Walvis Ridge. Sites are ordered according to present water depths (from deep on the left to shallow on the right).

Figure F48. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) and CaCO₃ through the Paleocene–Eocene transition at the shallow to deep transect. The MS graphs represent both point magnetic susceptibility (PMS) data measured on the split core and loop sensor (MSL) data measured on the whole core. For correlation of these two methods, 1-cm resolution PMS data were linearly interpolated at 2.5-cm resolution, after which a linear expansion formula was calculated and PMS values were normalized to MSL values: MSL = 2.0683 x PMS + 7.8257 (R² = 0.9885). For Site 1263, MS data from Hole 1263C are spliced with data from Hole 1263D at 335.88 meters composite depth (mcd). Sample depths for Hole 1263D were normalized to Hole 1263C mcd using a linear expansion based on PMS correlation through the P/E transition: Hole 1263C mcd = Hole 1263D mcd x 1.383 – 128.45. For Site 1262, sample depths of CaCO₃ data from Hole 1262A (Core 208-1262A-13H) were normalized to Hole 1262B mcd using a linear expansion based on PMS correlation through the lower part of the P/E transition: Hole 1262B mcd = Hole 1262A mcd x 1.1343 – 18.785 (R² = 0.996; only for data below 139.95 mcd). At Site 1266, CaCO₃ data from Hole 1266B (Section 208-1266B-6H-7) give way to Hole 1266C values at 306.56 mcd. LO = last occurrence, FO = first occurrence.

Figure F49. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) records across the early Eocene C24N event at Leg 208 sites. The 1-cm and 2.5-cm MS records were obtained from point magnetic susceptibility (PMS) measurements and loop measurements (MSL), respectively. The PMS values were calibrated to the MSL values by multiplying each value with 2.0683 and adding 7.8257.

Figure F50. Composite digital images of the Eocene–Oligocene sequence at Leg 208 sites. Also shown are magnetic susceptibility (MS), color reflectance lightness (L*), and gamma ray attenuation (GRA) bulk density data. The lithologic change from clay or clay-bearing nannofossil ooze to nannofossil ooze is associated with decreasing MS and GRA bulk density and increasing L*. The dashed line approximates the E/O boundary, and arrows suggest the "Oi-1" (earliest Oligocene Glacial Maximum) event.

Figure F51. Photomicrograph of an early Oligocene nannofossil assemblage showing the super abundance of Braarudosphaera skeletal debris.

Figure F52. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) records from Sites 1264 and 1265 showing the approximate duration of the high abundance of bolivinids event interval in the early Miocene. FO = first occurrence.