REFERENCES

Alvarez, W., 1990. Geologic evidence for the plate driving mechanism: the continental undertow hypothesis and the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. Tectonics, 9:1213-1220.

Alvarez, W., 1982. Geological evidence for the geographical pattern of mantle return flow and the driving mechanism of plate tectonics. J. Geophys. Res., 87:6697-6710.

Cande, S.C., LaBrecque, J.L., Larson, R.L., Pitmann, W.C., III, Golovchenko, X., and Haxby, W.F., 1989. Magnetic lineations of the world's ocean basins. AAPG Map Ser., 131.

Christie, D.M., West, B.P., Pyle, D.G., and Hanan, B., 1998. Chaotic topography, mantle flow and mantle migration in the Australian-Antarctic Discordance: Nature, 394:637-644.

Dosso, L., Bougault, H., Beuzart, P., Calvez, J.-Y., and Joron, J.-J., 1988. The geochemical structure of the South-East Indian Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 88:47-59.

Dupré, B., and Allègre, C.J., 1983. Pb-Sr isotope variation in Indian Ocean basalts and mixing phenomena. Nature, 303:142-146.

Fisk, M.R., Giovannoni, S.J., and Thorseth, I.H., 1998. Alteration of oceanic glass: textural evidence of microbial activity. Science, 281:978-979.

Forsyth, D.W., Ehrenbard, R.L., and Chapin, S., 1987. Anomalous upper mantle beneath the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 84:471-478.

Furnes, H., Thorseth, I.H., Tumyr, O., Torsvik, T., and Fisk, M.R., 1996. Microbial activity in the alteration of glass from pillow lavas from Hole 896A. Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station (Ocean Drilling Program), 191-206.

Giovanni, S.J., Fisk, M.R., Mullins, T.D. and Furnes, H., 1996. Geneticevidence for endolithic microbial life colonizing basaltic glass/seawaterinterfaces. In Alt, J.C., Kinoshita, H., Stokking, L.B., and Michael, P.J. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 148: College Station (Ocean Drilling Program), 207-214.

Hamelin, B., and Allègre, C.J., 1985. Large-scale regional units in the depleted upper mantle revealed by an isotope study of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Nature, 315:196-199.

Hamelin, B., Dupré, B., and Allègre, C.J., 1985. Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic data of Indian Ocean ridges: New evidence of large-scale mapping of mantle heterogeneities. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 76:288-298.

Hart, S.R., 1984. A large-scale isotope anomaly in the southern hemisphere mantle. Nature, 309:753-757.

Hedge, C.E., Watkins, N.D., Hildreth, R.A, and Doering, W.P., 1973. 87Sr/86Sr ratios in basalts from islands in the Indian Ocean. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 21:29-34.

Hergt, J.M., and Hawkesworth, C.J., 1994. Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic evolution of the Lau Basin: Implications for mantle dynamics during backarc opening. In Hawkins, J., Parson, L., Allan, J., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 135: College Station (Ocean Drilling Program), 505-517.

Karsten, J.L., Klein, E.M., and Sherman, S.B., 1996. Subduction zone geochemical characteristics in ocean ridge basalts from the southern Chile Ridge: implications of modern ridge subduction systems for the Archean. Lithos, 37:143-161.

Klein, K.M., and Karsten, J.L., 1995. Ocean-ridge basalts with convergent-margin geochemical affinities from the Chile Ridge. Nature, 374:52-57.

Klein, E.M., and Langmuir, C.H., 1987. Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness. J. Geophys. Res., 92:8089-8115.

Klein, E.M., Langmuir, C.H., Zindler, A., Staudigel, H., and Hamelin, B., 1988. Isotope evidence of a mantle convection boundary at the Australian-Antarctic discordance. Nature, 333:623-629.

Klein, E.M., Langmuir, C.H., and Staudigel, H., 1989. Geochemistry of basalts from the Southeast Indian Ridge, 115°E-138°E. J. Geophys. Res., 96:2089-2107.

Langmuir, C.H., Bender, J.F., and Batiza, R., 1986. Petrological and tectonic segmentation of the East Pacific Rise, 5°30'N-14°30' N. Nature, 322:422-429.

Lanyon, R., Crawford, A.J., and Eggins, S., 1995. Westward migration of Pacific Ocean upper mantle into the Southern Ocean region between Australia and Antarctica. Geology, 23:511-514.

Mahoney, J.J., Natland, J.H., White, W.M., Poreda, R., Bloomer, S.H., Fisher, R.L., and Baxter, A.N., 1989. Isotopic and geochemical provinces of the western Indian Ocean spreading centers. J. Geophys. Res., 94:4033-4052.

Mahoney, J.J., le Roex, A.P., Peng, Z., Fisher, R.L., and Natland, J.H., 1992. Western limits of the Indian MORB mantle and the origin of low 206Pb/204Pb MORB: isotope systematics of the central Southwest Indian Ridge (17°-50°E). J. Geophys. Res., 97:19,771-19,790.

Marks, K.M., Vogt, P.R., and Hall, S.A., 1990. Residual depth anomalies and the origin of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance Zone. J. Geophys. Res., 95:17,325-17,337.

Marks, K.M., Sandwell, D.T., Vogt, P.R., and Hall, S.A., 1991. Mantle downwelling beneath the Australian-Antarctic Discordance Zone: evidence from geoid height versus topography. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 103:325-338.

Michard, A., Montigny, R., and Schlich, R., 1986. Geochemistry of the mantle beneath the Rodriguez Triple Junction and the Southeast Indian Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 78:104-114.

Mutter, J.C., Hegarty, K.A., Cande, S.C., and Weissel, S.C., 1985. Breakup between Australia and Antarctica: a brief review in the light of new data. Tectonophysics, 114:255-279.

Palmer, J., Sempéré, J.-C., Christie, D.M., and Phipps-Morgan, J., 1993. Morphology and tectonic of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance between 123° E and 128° E. Mar. Geophys. Res., 15:121-151.

Price, R.C., Kennedy, A.K., Riggs-Sneeringer, M., and Frey, F.A., 1986. Geochemistry of basalts from the Indian Ocean triple junction: implications for the generation and evolution of Indian Ocean ridge basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 78:379-396.

Pyle, D.G., Christie, D.M., and Mahoney, J.J., 1990. Upper mantle flow in the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. Eos, 71:1388. (Abstract)

Pyle, D.G., Christie, D.M., and Mahoney, J.J., 1992. Resolving an isotopic boundary within the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 112:161-178.

Pyle, D.G., Christie, D.M., Mahoney, J.J., and Duncan, R.A., 1995. Geochemistry and geochronology of ancient southeast Indian and southwest Pacific seafloor. J. Geophys. Res., 100:22,261-22,282.

Royer, J.-Y., and Sandwell, D.T., 1989. Evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous: Constraints from Geosat altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 94:13,755-13,782.

Sempéré, J.-C., Palmer, J., Phipps-Morgan, J., Christie, D.M., and Shor, A.N., 1991. The Australian-Antarctic Discordance. Geology, 19:429-432.

Sherman, S.B., Karsten, J.L., and Klein, E.M., 1997. Petrogenesis of axial lavas from the southern Chile Ridge; major element constraints. J. Geophys. Res., 102:14,963-14,990.

Storey, M., Saunders, A.D., Tarney, J., Gibson, I.L., Norry, M.J., Thirlwall, M.F., Leat, P., Thompson, R.M., and Menzies, M.A., 1988. Contamination of Indian Ocean asthenosphere by the Kerguelen-Heard mantle plume. Nature, 338:574-576.

Subbarao, K.V., and Hedge, C.E., 1973. K, Rb, Sr and 87Sr/86Sr in rocks from the mid-Indian Ocean Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 18:223-228.

Thorseth, I.H., Torsvik, T., Furnes, H., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1995. Microbes play an important role in the alteration of oceanic crust. Chem. Geol.,126:137-146.

Thorseth, I.H., Furnes, H. and Heldal, M., 1992. The importance of microbiological activity in the alteration of natural basaltic glass. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56:845-850.

Thorseth, I.H., Pedersen, R.B., Daae, F.L., Torsvik, V., Torsvik, T., and Sundvor, E., 1999. Microbes associated with basaltic glass from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Conf. Abstr., 4:254.

Torsvik, T., Furnes, H., Muehlenbachs, K., Thorseth, I.H., and Tumyr, O.,1998. Evidence for microbial activity at the glass-alteration interface in oceanic basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 162:165-176.

Veevers, J.J., 1982. Australian-Antarctic depression from the mid-ocean ridge to adjacent continents. Nature, 295:315-317.

Vogt, P.R., Cherkis, N.K., and Morgan, G.A., 1984. Project Investigator-1: evolution of the Australian-Antarctic Discordance from a detailed aeromagnetic study. In R.L. Oliver, P.R. James, and Jago, J. (Eds.), Antarctic Earth Science: Proceedings 4th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences: Canberra (Aust. Acad. Sci.).

Weissel, J.K., and Hayes, D.E., 1971. Asymmetric seafloor spreading south of Australia. Nature, 231:518-522

Weissel, J.K., and Hayes, D.E., 1974. The Australian-Antarctic Discordance: new results and implications. J. Geophys. Res., 79:2579-2587.

West, B.P., and Christie, D.M., 1997. Diversion of along-axis asthenospheric flow beneath migrating ridge-transform-ridge intersections. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 78(Suppl.):673.

West, B.P., Sempéré, J.-C., Pyle, D.G., Phipps-Morgan, J., and Christie, D.M., 1994. Evidence for variable upper mantle temperature and crustal thickness in and near the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 128:135-153.

West, B.P., Wilcock, W.S.D., Sempéré, J.-C., and Géli, L., 1997. The three-dimensional structure of asthenospheric flow beneath the Southeast Indian Ridge. J. Geophys. Res., 102:7783-7802.

To 187 Figures

To 187 Table of Contents