REFERENCES

Binns, R.A., and Scott, S.D., 1993. Actively forming polymetallic sulfide deposits associated with felsic volcanic rocks in the eastern Manus backarc basin, Papua New Guinea. Econ. Geol., 88: 2226-2236.

Binns, R.A., Parr, J.M., Scott, S.D., Gemmell, J.B., and Herzig, P.M., 1995. PACMANUS: An active seafloor hydrothermal field on siliceous volcanic rocks in the eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. In Proceedings of the 1995 PACRIM Congress, Mauk, J.L., and St. George, J.D. (Eds.), Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 49-54.

Binns, R.A., Waters, J.C., Carr, G.R., and Whitford, D.J., 1996a. A submarine andesite rhyodacite lineage of arc affinity, Pual Ridge, eastern Manus backarc basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W119-120

Binns, R.A., Parr, J.M., Waters, J.S., Gemmell, J.B., Moss, R., Scott, S.D., Naka., J., Charlou, J.-L., Gena, K., and Herzig, P.M., 1996b. Actively-forming sulfide deposits at the PACMANUS hydrothermal field, eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W115-116.

Binns, R.A., Scott, S.D., and Gemmell, J.B., 1997a. Modern analogue of a mineral field: Sea floor hydrothermal activity hosted by felsic volcanic rocks in the eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Soc. Econ. Geol., Neves Corvo Field Conference, Abstracts and Program, 33.

Binns, R.A., Scott, S.D., Gemmell, J.B., and Crook, K.A.W.C., and Shipboard Party, 1997b. The SuSu Knolls hydrothermal field, eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, 78: F772.

Both, R., Crook, K., Taylor, B., Brogan, S., Chappell, B., Frankel, E., Liu, L., Sinton, J., and Tiffin, D., 1986. Hydrothermal chimneys and associated fauna in the Manus backarc basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, 67:489-490.

Bischoff, J.L, and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1985. An empirical equation of state for hydrothermal seawater (3.2% NaCl). Am. J. Sci. 285:725-763.

Charlou, J.L., Donval, J.P., Fouquet, Y., Henry, K., Jean-Baptiste, P., Auzende, J.-M., Gamo, T., Ishibashi, J., and shipboard party, 1996. Variability in the chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Manus backarc basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W116

Dickson, B., Parr, J., and Binns, R., 1995. Rapid growth of seafloor sulfides. CSIRO Exploration and Mining Research News, 3:12-13.

Douville, E., Bienvenu, P., Charlou, J.-L., Donval, J.-P., Fouquet, Y., Appriou, P., and Gamo, T., 1999. Yttrium and rare earth elements in fluids from various deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63:627-643.

Eguchi, T., Fujinawa, Y., and Ukawa, M., 1989. Earthquakes associated with the backarc opening in the eastern Bismarck Sea: activity, mechanisms, and tectonics. Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 56:189-209.

Exon, N.F., and Marlow, M.S., 1988. Geology and offshore resources potential of the New Ireland - Manus region - a synthesis. In Marlow, M.S., Dafisman, S.V., and Exon, N.F. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, 9:241-262.

Falvey, D.A., and Pritchard, T, 1985. Preliminary paleomagnetic results from northern Papua New Guinea: Evidence for large microplate rotations. Trans. Circum-Pacific Council Energy Mineral & Resources, 3:593-600.

Gamo, T., Okmura, K., Kodama, Y, Urabe, T., Auzende, J.-M., Shipboard party, and Ishibashi, J., 1996. Chemical characteristics of hydrothermal fluids from the Manus backarc basin, Papua New Guinea, 1. Major chemical components. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W116

Gemmell, J.B., 1995. Comparison of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits in modern and ancient backarc basins; examples from the southwest Pacific and Australia. In Mauk, J.L., and St. George, J.D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1995 PACRIM Congress, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 227-231.

Gemmell, J.B., Binns, R.A., and Parr, J.M., 1996. Comparison of sulfur isotope values between modern backarc and midocean ridge seafloor hydrothermal systems. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W117.

Hashimoto, J., Ohta, S., Fiala-Médioni, A., Auzende, J.-M., Kojima, S., Segonzac, M., Fujiwara, Y., Hunt, J.C., Gena, K., Miura, T., Kikuchi, T., Yamaguchi, T., Toda, T., Chiba, H., Tsuchida, S., Ishibashi, J., Henry, K., Zbinden, M., Pruski, A., Inoue, A., Kobayashi, H., Birrien, J.-L., Naka, J., Yamanaka, T., Laporte, C., Nishimura, K., Yeats, C., Malagun, S., Kia, P., Oyaizu, M., and Katayama, T., 1999. Hydrothermal vent communities in the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea: Results of the BIOACCESS cruises in '96 and '98. InterRidge News, 8:12-18.

Hohnen, P.D., 1978. Geology of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Australia, Bulletin 194.

Ishibashi, J., Wakita, H., Okamura, K., Gamo, T., Shitashima, K., Charlou, J.L., Jean-Baptiste, P., and Shipboard Party, 1996. Chemical characteristics of hydrothermal fluids from the Manus backarc basin, Papua New Guinea,. II. Gas components. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W116.

Johnson, R.W., 1976. Late Cainozoic volcanism and plate tectonics at the southern margin of the Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea. In, R.W. Johnson (Ed), Volcanism in Australasia, Elsevier, 101-116.

Martinez, F., and Taylor, B., 1996. Fast backarc spreading, rifting and microplate rotation between transform faults in the Manus Basin, Bismarck Sea. In Auzende, J.-M., and Collot, J.-Y.C (Eds.), Seafloor Mapping in the West, Southwest and South Pacific. Mar. Geophys. Res., 18:203-224.

Parr, J.M., Binns, R.A., and Gemmell, J.B., 1996. Sulfide chimneys from the Satanic Mills site in the PACMANUS hydrothermal field, eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W120.

Scott, S.D., and Binns, R.A., 1995. Hydrothermal processes and contrasting styles of mineralization in the western Woodlark and eastern Manus basins of the western Pacific. In Parson, L.M., Walker, C.L., and Dixon, D.R. (Eds.), Hydrothermal Vents and Processes, Geol. Soc. Spec. Pub., 87:191-205.

Shitashima, K., Gamo, T., Okamura, K., and Ishibashi, J., 1997. Trace elements at the Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC Jour. Deep Sea Res., 13:249-255.

Stewart, W.D., and Sandy, M.J., 1988. Geology of New Ireland and Djaul Islands, northeastern Papua New Guinea. In Geology and Offshore Resources of Pacific Island Arcs, - New Ireland and Manus region, Papua New Guinea. In Marlow, M.S., Dafisman, S.V., and Exon, N.F. (Eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, 9:13-30.

Taylor, B., 1979. Bismarck Sea: evolution of a backarc basin. Geology, 7:171-174.

Taylor, B.J., Crook, K.A.W., Sinton, J.L., and Petersen, L., 1991. Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Pacific Sea Floor Atlas, Sheets 1-7.

Taylor, B., Goodliffe, A., Martinez, F., and Hey, R., 1995. Continental rifting and initial sea-floor spreading in the Woodlark basin. Nature, 374:534-537.

Tregoning, P., Lambeck, K., Stolz, A., Morgan, P., McClusky, S., van der Beek, P., McQueen, H., Jackson, R., Little, R., Laing, A., and Murphy, B., 1998. Estimation of current plate motions in Papua New Guinea from Global Positioning System observations. J. Geophys. Res., 103:12,181-12,203.

Waters, J.C., Binns, R.A., and Naka, J., 1996. Morphology of submarine felsic volcanic rocks on Pual Ridge, eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. Eos, WPGM Supplement, 77:W120.

Woodhead, J.D., Eggins, S.M., and Johnson, R.W., 1998. Magma genesis in the New Britain island arc: Further insights into melting and mass transfer processes. J. Petr., 39:1641-1668.

Woodhead, J.D., and Johnson, R.W., 1993. Isotopic and trace-element profiles across the New Britain island arc, Papua New Guinea. Cont. Min. Pet., 113:479-491.

Yang, K., and Scott, S.D., 1996. Possible contribution of a metal-rich magmatic fluid to a sea floor hydrothermal system. Nature, 383:420-423.