Axelrod, D.I., 1984. An interpretation of Cretaceous and Tertiary biota in polar regions. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 45:105–147.

Barrera, E., and Huber, B.T., 1991. Paleogene and early Neogene oceanography of the southern Indian Ocean: Leg 119 foraminifer stable isotope results. In Barron, J., Larsen, B., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 119: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 693–717.

Barrera, E., and Huber, B.T., 1993. Eocene to Oligocene oceanography and temperatures in the Antarctic Indian Ocean. In Kennett, J.P., and Warnke, D.A., (Eds.), The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change. Antarct. Res. Ser., 49–65.

Barron, E.J., 1985, Explanations for the Tertiary global cooling trend. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 50:729–739.

Berner, R.A., Lasaga, A.C., and Garrels, R.M., 1983. The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am. J. Sci., 283:641–683.

Bice, K.L., Scotese, C.R., Seidov, D., and Barron, E.J., 2000. Quantifying the role of geographic change in Cenozoic ocean heat transport using uncoupled atmosphere and ocean models. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 161:295–310.

Bralower, T.J., Thomas, D.J., Zachos, J.C., Hirschmann, M.M., Röhl, U., Sigurdsson, H., Thomas, E., and Whitney, D.L., 1997. High-resolution records of the late Paleocene thermal maximum and circum-Caribbean volcanism: is there a causal link? Geology, 25:963–966.

Bralower, T.J., Zachos, J.C., Thomas, E., Parrow, M., Paull, C.K., Kelly, D.C., Premoli Silva, I., Sliter, W.V., and Lohmann, K.C., 1995. Late Paleocene to Eocene paleoceanography of the equatorial Pacific Ocean: stable isotopes recorded at Ocean Drilling Program Site 865, Allison Guyot. Paleoceanography, 10:841–865.

Broecker, W.S., 1997. Thermohaline circulation, the Achilles heel of our climate system: will man-made CO₂ upset the current balance? Science, 278:1582–1588.

Browning, J.V., Miller, K.G., and Pak, D.K., 1996. Global implications of lower to middle Eocene sequence boundaries on the New Jersey Coastal Plain—the Icehouse cometh. Geology, 24:639–642.

Cande, S.C., and Kent, D.V., 1992. A new gomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. J. Gophys. Res., 97:13917–13951.

Chave, A.D., 1984. Lower Paleocene–Upper Cretaceous magnetostratigraphy, Sites 525, 527, 528, and 529, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 74. In Moore, T.C., Jr., Rabinowitz, P.D., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 74: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 525–532.

Clyde, W.C., and Gingerich, P.D., 1998. Mammalian community response to the Latest Paleocene Thermal Maximum: an isotaphonomic study in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. Geology, 26:1011–1014.

Corfield, R., and Cartlidge, J., 1992. Oceanographic and climatic implications of the Palaeocene carbon isotope maximum. Terra Nova, 4:443–455.

Corfield, R., and Norris, R., 1996. Deep water circulation in the Paleocene ocean. In Knox, R.W., Corfield, R.M., and Dunay, R.E. (Eds.), Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe. Spec. Publ.—Geol. Soc. London, 101:443–456.

D'Hondt, S., Donaghay, P., Zachos, J.C., Luttenberg, D., and Lindinger, M., 1998. Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the Cretaceous–Tertiary mass extinction. Science, 282:276–279.

D'Hondt, S., and Keller, G., 1991. Some patterns of planktic foraminiferal assemblage turnover at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Mar. Micropaleontol., 17:77–118.

D'Hondt, S., King, J., and Gibson, C., 1996. Oscillatory marine response to the Cretaceous–Tertiary impact. Geology, 24:611–614.

Dickens, G.R., 2000. Methane oxidation during the late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 171:37–49.

Dickens, G.R., Castillo, M.M., and Walker, J.G.C., 1997. A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate. Geology, 25:259–262.

Dickens, G.R., O'Neil, J.R., Rea, D.K., and Owen, R.M., 1995. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography, 10:965–971.

Diester-Haass, L., and Zahn, R., 2001. Paleoproductivity increase at the Eocene–Oligocene climatic transition: ODP/DSDP Sites 763 and 592. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 172:153–170.

Eldholm, O., and Thomas, E., 1993. Environmental impact of volcanic margin formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 117:319–329.

Estes, R., and Hutchinson, J.H., 1980. Eocene lower vertebrates from Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic archipelago. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 30:325–347.

Gibson, T.G., Bybell, L.M., and Owens, J.P., 1993. Latest Paleocene lithologic and biotic events in neritic deposits of southwestern New Jersey. Paleoceanography, 8:495–514.

Hambrey, M.J., Ehrmann, W.U., and Larsen, B., 1991. Cenozoic glacial record of the Prydz Bay continental shelf, East Antarctica. In Barron, J., Larsen, B., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 119: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 77–132.

Herbert, T.D., and D'Hondt, S.L., 1990. Precessional climate cyclicity in Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary marine sediments: a high resolution chronometer of Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary events. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 99:263–275.

Herbert, T.D., Premoli Silva, I., Erba, E., and Fischer, A.G., 1995. Orbital chronology of Cretaceous–Paleogene marine strata. In Kent, W.A.B. (Ed.), Geochronology, Time Scales, and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. Spec. Publ.—SEPM, 81–93.

Hsü, K.J., He, Q., McKenzie, J.A., Weissert, H., Perch-Nielsen, C., Oberhansli, H., Kelts, K., LaBrecque, J., Tauxe, L., Krahenbuhl, U., Percival, S.F., Wright, R., Karpoff, A.M., Petersen, N., Tucker, P., Poore, R.Z., Gombos, A.M., Posciotto, K., Carman, M.F., and Schreiber, E., 1982. Mass mortality and its environmental and evolutionary consequences. Science, 216:249–256.

Kaiho, K., Arinobu, T., Isihwatar, R., Morgans, H.E.G., Okada, H., Takeda, N., Tazaki, K., Zhou, G., Kajiwara, Y., Matsumoto, R., Hirai, A., Niitsuma, N., and Wada, H., 1996. Latest Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and environmental changes at Tawanui, New Zealand. Paleoceanography, 11:447–465.

Kelly, D.C., Bralower, T.J., and Zachos, J.C., 1998. Evolutionary consequences of the Latest Paleocene Thermal Maximum for tropical planktonic foraminifera. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 141:139–161.

Kelly, D.C., Bralower, T.J., Zachos, J.C., Premoli Silva, I., and Thomas, E., 1996. Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Geology, 24:423–426.

Kennett, J.P., and Shackleton, N.J., 1976. Oxygen isotopic evidence for the development of the psychrosphere 38 Myr ago. Nature, 260:513–515.

Kennett, J.P., and Stott, L.D., 1990. Proteus and Proto-oceanus: ancestral Paleogene oceans as revealed from Antarctic stable isotopic results: ODP Leg 113. In Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 113: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 865–880.

————, 1991. Abrupt deep-sea warming, paleoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature, 353:225–229.

Koch, P.L., Zachos, J.C., and Dettman, D.L., 1995. Stable isotope stratigraphy and palaeoclimatology of the Palaeogene Bighorn Basin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 115:61–89.

Koch, P.L., Zachos, J.C., and Gingerich, P.D., 1992. Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature, 358:319–322.

Mikolajewicz, U., Maier-Reimer, E., Crowley, T.J., and Kim, K.-Y., 1993. Effect of Drake and Panamanian gateways on the circulation of an ocean model. Paleoceanography, 8:409–426.

Miller, K.G., Janecek, T.R., Katz, M.E., and Keil, D.J., 1987. Abyssal circulation and benthic foraminiferal changes near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. Paleoceanography, 2:741–761.

Miller, K.G., and Katz, M.E., 1987. Oligocene to Miocene benthic foraminiferal and abyssal circulation changes in the North Atlantic. Micropaleontology, 33:97–149.

Miller, K.G., Mountain, G.S., Browning, J.V., Kominz, M., Sugarman, P.J., Christie-Blick, N., Katz, M.E., and Wright, J.D., 1998. Cenozoic global sea level, sequences, and the New Jersey transect: results from coastal plain and continental slope drilling. Rev. Geophys., 36:569–601.

Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D., and Fairbanks, R.G., 1991. Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene–Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion. J. Geophys. Res., 96:6829–6848.

Moore, T.C., Jr., Rabinowitz, P.D., et al., 1984. Init. Repts. DSDP, 74: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office).

Norris, R.D., Kroon, D., and Klaus, A., 2001. Introduction: Cretaceous–Paleogene climatic evolution of the western North Atlantic: results from ODP Leg 171B, Blake Nose. In Kroon, D., Norris, R.D., and Klaus, A. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 171B: College Station TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1–11.

Norris, R.D., and Röhl, U., 1999. Carbon cycling and chronology of climate warming during the Palaeocene/Eocene transition. Nature, 401:775–778.

Oglesby, R.J., 1991. Joining Australia to Antarctica: GCM implications for the Cenozoic record of Antarctic glaciation. Clim. Dynam., 6:13–22.

Pak, D.K., and Miller, K.G., 1992. Paleocene to Eocene benthic foraminiferal isotopes and assemblages: implications for deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography, 7:405–422.

Paytan, A., Kastner, M., Campbell, D., and Thiemens, M.H., 1998. Sulfur isotopic composition of Cenozoic seawater sulfate. Science, 282:1459–1462.

Pearson, P.N., and Palmer, M.R., 2000. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years. Nature, 406:695–699.

Peterson, L.C., and Backman, J., 1990. Late Cenozoic carbonate accumulation and the history of the carbonate compensation depth in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. In Duncan, R.A., Backman, J., Peterson, L.C., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 115: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 467–507.

Rabinowitz, P.D., and Simpson, E.S.W., 1984. Geophysical site survey results on the Walvis Ridge. In Moore, T.C., Jr., Rabinowitz, P.D., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 74: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 795–825.

Raymo, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F., Shackleton, N.J., and Oppo, D.W., 1990. Evolution of Atlantic-Pacific ¹³C gradients over the last 2.5 m.y. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 97:353–368.

Rea, D.K., Zachos, J.C., Owen, R.M., and Gingerich, P.D., 1990. Global change at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary: climatic and evolutionary consequences of tectonic events. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 79:117–128.

Rind, D., and Chandler, M., 1991. Increased ocean heat transport and warmer climate. J. Geophys. Res., 96:7437–7461.

Robert, C., and Kennett, J.P., 1994. Antarctic subtropical humid episode at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary: clay mineral evidence. Geology, 22:211–214.

————, 1997. Antarctic continental weathering changes during Eocene–Oligocene cryosphere expansion: clay mineral and oxygen isotope evidence. Geology, 25:587–590.

Röhl, U., Bralower, T.J., Norris, R.D., and Wefer, G., 2000. New chronology for the late Paleocene Thermal Maximum and its environmental implications. Geology, 28:927–930.

Salamy, K.A., and Zachos, J.C., 1999. Latest Eocene–early Oligocene climate change and Southern Ocean fertility: inferences from sediment accumulation and stable isotope data. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 145:61–77.

Schmitz, B., Charisi, S.D., Thompson, E.I., and Speijer, R.P., 1997. Barium, SiO₂ (excess), and P₂O₅ as proxies of biological productivity in the Middle East during the Palaeocene and the latest Palaeocene benthic extinction event. Terra Nova, 9:95–99.

Shackleton, N., and Boersma, A., 1981. The climate of the Eocene ocean. J. Geol. Soc. London, 138:153–157.

Shackleton, N.J., and Hall, M.A., 1984. Carbon isotope data from Leg 74 sediments, In Moore, T.C., Jr., Rabinowitz, P.D., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 74: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 613–619.

Sloan, L.C., and Barron, E.J., 1992. A comparison of Eocene climate model results to quantified paleoclimatic interpretations. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 93:183–202.

Sloan, L.C., and Rea, D.K., 1996. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and early Eocene climate—a general circulation modeling sensitivity study. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 119:275–292.

Sloan, L.C., Walker, J.C.G., and Moore, T.C., Jr., 1995. Possible role of oceanic heat transport in early Eocene climate. Paleoceanography, 10:347–356.

Sloan, L.C., Walker, J.C.G., Moore, T.C., Rea, D.K., and Zachos, J.C., 1992. Possible methane-induced polar warming in the early Eocene. Nature, 357:320–322.

Stott, L.D., and Kennett, J.P., 1989. New constraints on early Tertiary palaeoproductivity from carbon isotopes in foraminifera. Nature, 342:526–529.

————, 1990. Antarctic Paleogene planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy: ODP Leg 113, Sites 689 and 690. In Barker, P.F., Kennett, J.P., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 113: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 549–569.

Thomas, D.J., Bralower, T.J., and Zachos, J.C., 1999. New evidence for subtropical warming during the late Paleocene Thermal Maximum: stable isotopes from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 527, Walvis Ridge. Paleoceanography, 14:561–570.

Thomas, E., and Gooday, A.J., 1996. Cenozoic deep-sea benthic foraminifers: tracers for changes in oceanic productivity? Geology, 24:355–358.

Thomas, E., and Shackleton, N., 1996. The Palaeocene–Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies. In Knox, R.W.O'B., Corfield, R.M., and Dunay, R.E. (Eds.), Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe. Spec. Publ.—Geol. Soc. London, 101:401–441.

Thomas, E., and Ward, P.D.E., 1990. Late Cretaceous–early Eocene mass extinctions in the deep sea. In Sharpton, V.L., and Ward, P.D. (Eds.), Global Catastrophes in Earth History. Spec. Publ.—Geol. Soc. Am., 247.

Thomas, E., Zachos, J.C., Bralower, T.J., 2000. Deep-sea environments on a warm Earth: latest Paleocene–early Eocene. In Huber, B.T., MacLeod, K.G.E., and Wing, S.L.E. (Eds.), Warm Climates in Earth History: Cambridge (Cambridge Univ. Press), 132–160.

Thunell, R.C., and Corliss, B.H., 1986. Late Eocene–early Oligocene carbonate sedimentation in the deep sea. In Pomerol, C., and Premoli Silva, I. (Eds.), Terminal Eocene Events: Amsterdam (Elsevier), Dev. in Palaeontol. and Stratigr., 9:363–380.

van Andel, T.H., 1975. Mesozoic/Cenozoic calcite compensation depth and the global distribution of calcareous sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26:187–194.

Wolfe, J.A., 1980. Tertiary climates and fioristic relationships at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 30:313–323.

Zachos, J.C., and Arthur, M.A., 1986. Paleoceanography of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary event: inferences from stable isotopic and other data. Paleoceanography, 1:5–26.

Zachos, J.C., Arthur, M.A., and Dean, W.E., 1989. Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature, 337:61–64.

Zachos, J.C., Breza, J.R., and Wise, S.W., 1992. Early Oligocene ice-sheet expansion on Antarctica: stable isotope and sedimentological evidence from Kerguelen Plateau, southern Indian Ocean. Geology, 20:569–573.

Zachos, J.C., Lohmann, K.C., Walker, J.C.G., and Wise, S.W., Jr., 1993. Abrupt climate changes and transient climates during the Paleogene: a marine perspective. J. Geol., 101:191–213.

Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292:686–693.

Zachos, J.C., Quinn, T.M., and Salamy, K., 1996. Earliest Oligocene climate transition: constraints from high resolution (10⁴ yr) deep-sea foraminiferal ¹⁸O and ¹³C time-series. Paleoceanography, 21:251–266.

Zachos, J.C., Stott, L.D., and Lohmann, K.C., 1994. Evolution of early Cenozoic marine temperatures. Paleoceanography, 9:353–387.