American Public Health Association, 1989. Estimation of bacterial density. In Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., and Trussell, R.R. (Eds.), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (17th ed.): Washington D.C. (American Public Health Association), 977–980.

Baker, P.A., Stout, P.M., Kastner, M., and Elderfield, H., 1991. Large-scale lateral advection of seawater through oceanic crust in the central equatorial Pacific. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 105:522–533.

Bale, S.J., Goodman, K., Rochelle, P.A., Marchesi, J.R., Fry, J.C., Weightman, A.J., and Parkes, R.J., 1997. Desulfovibrio profundus sp. nov., a novel barophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium from deep sediment layers in the Japan Sea. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 47:515–521.

Bekins, B.A., Cozzarelli, I.M. Godsy, E.U., Warren, E., Essaid, H.I., and Tuccillo, M.E., 2001. Progression of natural attenuation processes at a crude oil spill site II. Controls on spatial distribution of microbial populations. J. Contam. Hydrol., 53:387–406.

Boetius, A., Ravenschlag, K., Schubert, C.J., Rickert, D., Widdel, F., Gieseke, A., Amann, R., Jorgensen, B.B., Witte, U., and Pfannkuche, O., 2000. Microscopic identification of a microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic methane oxidation above marine gas hydrate. Nature, 407:623–626.

Borowski, W.S., Hoehler, T.M., Alperin, M.J., Rodriguez, N.M., and Paull, C.K., 2000. Significance of anaerobic methane oxidation in methane-rich sediments overlying the Blake Ridge gas hydrates. In Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., and Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 164: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 87–99. [HTML version]

Borowski, W.S., Paull, C.K., and Ussler, W., III, 1996. Marine pore-water sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate. Geology, 24:655–658.

————, 1999. Global and local variations of interstitial sulfate gradients in deep-water, continental margin sediments: sensitivity to underlying methane and gas hydrates. Mar. Geol., 159:131–154.

Boström, K., Joensuu, O., Valdés, S., Charm, W., and Glaccum, R., 1976. Geochemistry and origin of East Pacific sediments sampled during DSDP Leg 34. In Yeats, R.S., Hart, S.R., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 34: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 556–574.

Brady, S., and Gieskes, J.M., 1976. Interstitial water studies, Leg 34. In Yeats, R.S., Hart, S.R., et al., Init. Repts., DSDP, 34, Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 625–628.

Brumsack, H.-J., 1986. The inorganic geochemistry of Cretaceous black shales (DSDP Leg 41) in comparison to modern upwelling sediments from the Gulf of California. In Summerhayes, C.P., and Shackleton, N.J. (Eds.), North Atlantic Palaeoceanography. Spec. Publ.—Geol. Soc. London, 21:447–462.

Canfield, D.E., Jørgensen, B.B., Fossing, H., Glud, R.N., Gundersen, J., Ramsing, N.B., Thamdrup, B., Hansen, J.W., Nielsen, L.P., and Hall, P.O.J., 1993. Pathways of organic carbon oxidation in three continental margin sediments. Mar. Geol., 113:27–40.

Chavez, F.P., and Barber, R.T., 1987. An estimate of new production in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. Part A, 34:1229–1243.

Cragg, B.A., Harvey, S.M., Fry, J.C., Herbert, R.A., and Parkes, R.J., 1992. Bacterial biomass and activity in the deep sediment layers of the Japan Sea, Hole 798B. In Pisciotto, K.A., Ingle, J.C., Jr., von Breymann, M.T., Barron, J., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results., 127/128 (Pt. 1): College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 761–776.

Cragg, B.A., and Kemp, A.E.S., 1995. Bacterial profiles in deep sediment layers from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, Site 851. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 599–604.

Cragg, B.A., Parkes, R.J., Fry, J.C., Herbert, R.A., Wimpenny, J.W.T., and Getliff, J.M., 1990. Bacterial biomass and activity profiles within deep sediment layers. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 607–619.

D'Hondt, S., Rutherford,S., and Spivack., A.J., 2002. Metabolic activity of the subsurface biosphere in deep-sea sediments. Science, 295:2067–2070.

Dickens, G.R., 2000. Methane oxidation during the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 171:37–49.

Dickens, G.R., O'Neil, J.R., Rea, D.K., and Owen, R.M., 1995. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography, 10:965–971.

Dickens, G.R., and Owen, R.M., 1999. The latest Miocene–early Pliocene biogenic bloom: a revised Indian Ocean perspective, Mar. Geol., 161:75–91.

Dickens, G.R., Wallace, P.J., Paull, C.K., and Borowski, W.S., 2000. Detection of methane gas hydrate in the pressure core sampler (PCS): volume-pressure-time relations during controlled degassing experiments. In Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., and Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 164: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 113–126. [HTML version]

Dymond, J., Corliss, J.B., and Stillinger, R., 1976. Chemical composition and metal accumulation rates of metalliferous sediments from Sites 319, 320, and 321. In Yeats, R.S., Hart, S.R., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 34: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 575–588.

Emeis, K.-C., Doose, H., Mix, A., and Schulz-Bull, D., 1995. Alkenone sea-surface temperatures and carbon burial at Site 846 (eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean): the last 1.3 m.y. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 605–613.

Farrell, J.W., Raffi, I., Janecek, T.C., Murray, D.W., Levitan, M., Dadey, K.A., Emeis, K.-C., Lyle, M., Flores, J.-A., and Hovan, S., 1995. Late Neogene sedimentation patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 717–756.

Fossing, H., 1990. Sulfate reduction in shelf sediments in the upwelling region off Central Peru. Cont. Shelf Res., 10:355–367.

Getliff, J.M., Fry, J.C., Cragg, B.A., and Parkes, R.J., 1992. The potential for bacteria growth in deep sediment layers of the Japan Sea, Hole 798B—Leg 128. In Pisciotto, K.A., Ingle, J.C., Jr., von Breymann, M.T., Barron, J., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 127/128 (Pt. 1): College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 755–760.

Hesselbo, S.P., Grocke, D.R., Jenkyns, H.C., Bjerrum, C.J., Farrimond, P., Bell, H.S.M., and Green, O.R., 2000. Massive dissociation of gas hydrate during a Jurassic oceanic anoxic event. Nature, 406:392–395.

Hinrichs, K.-U., 2001. A molecular recorder of methane hydrate destabilization. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 2 (Article), 2000GC000118.

Hinrichs, K.-U., Hayes, J.M., Sylva, S.P., Brewer, P.G., and DeLong, E.F., 1999. Methane consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments. Nature, 398:802–805.

Hoehler, T.M., Alperin, M.J., Albert, D.B., and Martens, C.S., 1994. Field and laboratory studies of methane oxidation in anoxic marine sediment: evidence for a methanogen-sulfate reducer consortium. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8:451–463.

————, 1998. Thermodynamic control on hydrogen concentrations in anoxic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62:1745–1756.

————, 2001. Apparent minimum free energy requirements for methanogenic Archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria in an anoxic marine sediment, FEMS Microbio. Ecol., 38:33–41.

Holland, H.D., 1984. The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans: Princeton, NJ (Princeton Univ. Press).

Inagaki, F., Takai, K. Komatsu, T., Kanamatsu, T., Fujioka, K., and Horikoshi, K., 2001. Archaeology of Archaea: geomicrobiological record of Pleistocene thermal events concealed in a deep-sea subseafloor environment. Extremophiles, 5:385–392.

Iversen, N., and Jørgensen, B.B., 1985. Anaerobic methane oxidation rates at the sulfate-methane transition in marine sediments from Kattegat and Skagerrak (Denmark). Limnol. Oceanogr., 30:944–955.

Jørgensen, B.B., 1978. A comparison of methods for the quantification of bacterial sulfate reduction in coastal marine sediments. III. Estimation from chemical and bacteriological field data. Geomicrobiol. J., 1:49–64.

Kasten, S., Haese, R.R., Zabel, M., Ruhlemann, C., and Schulz, H.D., 2001. Barium peaks at glacial terminations in sediments of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean—relicts of deglacial productivity pulses? Chem. Geol., 175:635–651.

Kastner, M., Elderfield, H., Martin, J.B., Suess, E., Kvenvolden, K.A., and Garrison, R.E., 1990. Diagenesis and interstitial-water chemistry at the Peruvian continental margin—major constituents and strontium isotopes. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 413–440.

Kennett, J.P., Cannariato, K.G., Hendy, I.L., and Behl, R.J., 2000. Carbon isotopic evidence for methane hydrate instability during Quaternary interstadials. Science, 288:128–133.

Kieft, T.L., Fredrickson, J.K., Onstott, T.C., Gorby, Y.A., Kostandarithes, H.M., Bailey, T.J., Kennedy, D.W., Li, S.W., Plymale, A.E., Spadoni, C.M., and Gray, M.S., 1999. Dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) and other electron acceptors by a Thermus isolate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:1214-1221.

King, G.M., 1984. Utilization of hydrogen, acetate, and noncompetitive substrates by methanogenic bacteria in marine sediments, Geomicrobiol. J., 3:275–306.

Knoblauch, C., Jørgensen, B.B., and Harder, J., 1999. Community size and metabolic rates of psychrophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria in Arctic marine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65:4230–4233.

Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993. Gas hydrates: geological perspective and global change. Rev. Geophys., 31:173–187.

Kvenvolden, K.A., Frank, T.J., and Golan-Bac, M., 1990. Hydrocarbon gases in Tertiary and Quaternary sediments offshore Peru—results and comparisons. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 505–515.

Kvenvolden, K.A., and Kastner, M., 1990. Gas hydrates of the Peruvian outer continental margin. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 517–526.

Lanoil, B.D., Sassen, R., La Duc, M.T., Sweet, S.T., and Nealson, K.H., 2001. Bacteria and Archea physically attached with Gulf of Mexico hydrates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67:5143–5133.

Lonergan, D.J., Jenter, H.L., Coates, J.D., Phillips, E.J.P., Schmidt, T.M., and Lovley, D.R., 1996. Phylogenetic analysis of dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. J. Bacteriol., 178:2402–2408.

Lovley, D.R., and Goodwin, S., 1988. Hydrogen concentrations as an indicator of the predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in aquatic sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 52:2993–3003.

Mayer, L., Pisias, N., Janecek, T., et al., 1992. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 138 (Pt. 1): College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Moore, G.F., Taira, A., Klaus, A., et al., 2001. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 190 [CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77845-9547, USA. [HTML version]

Mossmann, J.-R., Aplin, A.C., Curtis, C.D., and Coleman, M.L., 1990. Sulfur geochemistry at Sites 680 and 686 on the Peru margin. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 455–464.

Niewöhner, C., Henson, C., Kasten, S., Zabel, M., and Schultz, H.D., 1998. Deep sulfate reduction completely mediated by anaerobic methane oxidation in sediments of the upwelling area off Namibia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62:455–464.

Oremland, R.S., Culbertson, C., and Simoneit, B.R.T., 1982a. Methanogenic activity in sediment from Leg 64, Gulf of California. In Curray, J.R., Moore, D.G., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 64 (Pt. 2): Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 759–762.

Oremland, R.S., Marsh, L.M., and Polcin, S., 1982b. Methane production and simultaneous sulfate reduction in anoxic salt marsh sediments. Nature, 296:143–145.

Oremland, R.S., and Polcin, S., 1982. Methanogenesis and sulfate reduction: competitive and noncompetitive substrates in estuarine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 44:1270–1276.

Orphan, V.J., House, C.H., Hinrichs, K.-U., McKeegan, K.D., and De Long, E.F., 2001. Methane consuming archea revealed by directly coupled isotopic and phylogenetic analysis. Science, 293:484–487.

Oyun, S., Elderfield, H., and Klinkhammer, G.P., 1995. Strontium isotopes in pore waters of east equatorial Pacific sediments: indicators of seawater advection through oceanic crust and sediments. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 813–819.

Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., Bale, S.J., Getliff, J.M., Goodman, K., Rochelle, P.A., Fry, J.C., Weightman, A.J., and Harvey, S.M., 1994. A deep bacterial biosphere in Pacific Ocean sediments. Nature, 371:410–413.

Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., Fry, J.C., Herbert, R.A., and Wimpenny, J.W.T., 1990. Bacterial biomass and activity in deep sediment layers from the Peru margin. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 331:139–153.

Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., Getliff, J.M., Harvey, S.M., Fry, J.C., Lewis, C.A., and Rowland, S.J., 1993. A quantitative study of microbial decomposition of biopolymers in Recent sediments from the Peru Margin. Mar. Geol., 113:55–66.

Parkes, R.J., Cragg, B.A., and Wellsbury, P., 2000. Recent studies on bacterial populations and processes in marine sediments: a review. Hydrogeol. Rev., 8:11–28.

Pilson, M.E.Q., 1998. An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea: Upper Saddle River (Prentice Hall).

Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), 1995. Proc. ODP, Sci Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., and Mix, A.C., 1995. Paleoceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Neogene: synthesis of Leg 138 drilling results. In Pisias, N.G., Mayer, L.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson, A., and van Andel, T.H. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 138: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 5–21.

Raiswell, R., and Canfield, D.E., 1996. Rates of reaction between silicate iron and dissolved sulfide in Peru Margin sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60:2777–2787.

Ravenschlag, K., Sahm, K., Knoblauch, C., Jørgensen, B.B., and Amann, R., 2000. Community structure, cellular rRNA content and activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in marine Arctic sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66:3592–3602.

Rowe, G.T., and Howarth, R., 1985. Early diagenesis of organic matter in sediments off the coast of Peru. Deep-Sea Res., 32:43–55.

Schink, B., 1997. Energetics of syntrophic cooperation in methanogenic degradation. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 61:262–280.

Sclater, J.G., Crowe, J., and Anderson, R.N., 1976. On the reliability of ocean heat flow averages. J. Geophys. Res., 81:2997–3006.

Shipboard Scientific Party, 1976. Site 321. In Yeats, R.S., Hart, S.R., et al., Init. Repts., DSDP, 34: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office), 111–153.

————, 1988a. Site 680. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 249–304.

————, 1988b. Site 681. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 305–362.

————, 1988c. Site 684. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 525–596.

————, 1988d. Site 685. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 597–704.

————, 1992a. Site 846. In Mayer, L., Pisias, N., Janecek, T., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 138 (Pt. 1): College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 265–333.

————, 1992. Site 851b. In Mayer, L., Pisias, N., Janecek, T., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 138 (Pt. 2): College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 891–965.

————, 1999. Leg 180 summary. In Taylor, B., Huchon, P., Klaus, A., et al., Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 180: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 1–77. [HTML version]

Smith, D.C., Spivack, A.J., Fisk, M.R., Haveman, S.A., Staudigel, H., and ODP Leg 185 Shipboard Scientific Party, 2000a. Methods for quantifying potential microbial contamination during deep ocean coring. ODP Tech. Note, 28 [Online]. Available from the World Wide Web: <http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/tnotes/tn28/INDEX.HTM>. [2002-03-30]

————, 2000b. Tracer-based estimates of drilling-induced microbial contamination of deep sea crust. Geomicrobiol. J., 17:207–219.

Sorensen, J., Christensen, D., and Jørgensen, B.B., 1981. Volatile fatty acids and hydrogen as substrates for sulfate-reducing bacteria in anaerobic marine sediment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 42:5–11.

Spivack, A.J., and You, C.F, 1997. Boron isotopic geochemistry of carbonates and pore waters, Ocean Drilling Program Site 851. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 152:113–122.

Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., 1988. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

————, 1990. Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).

Tarafa, M.E., Whelan, J.K., Oremland, R.S., and Smith, R.L., 1987. Evidence of microbiological activity in Leg 95 (New Jersey Transect) sediments. In Poag, C.W., Watts, A.B., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 95: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 635–640.

Teske, A., Hinrichs, K.-U., Edgcomb, V., de Vera Gomez, A., Kysela, D., Sylva, S.P., Sogin, M.C., and Jannasch, H.W., 2002. Microbial diversity of hydrothermal sediments in the Guaymas Basin: evidence for anaerobic methanotrophic communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68:1994–2007.

Thauer, R.K., Jungermann, K., and Decker, K., 1977. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol. Rev. 41:100–180.

Thierstein, H.R., and Störrlein, U., 1991. Living bacteria in Antarctic sediments from Leg 119. In Barron, J., Larsen, B., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 119: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 687–692.

Valentine, D.L., and Reeburgh, W.S., 2000. New perspectives on anaerobic methane oxidation. Environ. Microbiol., 2:477–484.

van Andel, T.H., Heath, G.R., and Moore, T.C., Jr., 1975. Cenozoic history and paleoceanography of the central equatorial Pacific Ocean: a regional synthesis of Deep Sea Drilling Project data. Mem.—Geol. Soc. Am., 143.

Vargas, M., Kashefi, K., Blunt-Harris, E.L., and Lovley, D.R., 1998. Microbial evidence for Fe(III) reduction on early Earth. Nature, 395:65–68.

von Breymann, M.T., Emeis, K.-C., and Camerlenghi, A., 1990. Geochemistry of sediments from the Peru upwelling area: results from Sites 680, 682, 685, and 688. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 491–503.

Von Herzen, R.P., and Uyeda, S., 1963. Heat flow through the Pacific Ocean floor. J. Geophys. Res., 68:4219–4250.

Wellsbury, P., Mather, I.D., and Parkes, R.J., in press. Geomicribiology of deep, low organic carbon sediments in the Woodlark Basin, Pacific Ocean. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.

Wellsbury, P., and Parkes, R.J., 1995. Acetate bioavailability and turnover in an estuarine sediment. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 17:85–94.

Whelan, J.K., Oremland, R., Tarafa, M., Smith, R., Howarth, R., and Lee, C., 1986. Evidence for sulfate-reducing and methane producing microorganisms in sediments from Sites 618, 619, and 622. In Bouma, A.H., Coleman, J.M., Meyer, A.W., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 96: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office), 767–775.

Whitman, W.B., Coleman, D.C., and Wiebe, W.J., 1998. Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95:6578–6583.

Winfrey, M.R., and Ward, D.M., 1983. Substrates for sulfate reduction and methane production in intertidal sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45:193–199.

Yamano, M., and Uyeda, S., 1990. Heat-flow studies in the Peru Trench subduction zone. In Suess, E., von Huene, R., et al., Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 112: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 653–661.

Yeats, R.S., Hart, S.R., et al., 1976. Init. Repts DSDP, 34: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office).