C. February 1770 pen sketch of "a mountain of stupendous height, which was covered with snow," when Resolution was 6 leagues offshore from the mouth of the Clarence River.³ Mt. Tapuae-o-Uenuku (2885 m), the highest peak of the Inland Kaikoura Range, is viewed across the northward-declining heights of the coastal Seaward Kaikoura Range. These ranges are bounded by the major transcurrent Wairau, Awatare, and Clarence Faults, which splay northeastward from the Alpine Fault to link to the Hikurangi subduction margin.⁴

Passive Margin
"A transgression, which began in the early Upper Cretaceous, extended more and more widely from time to time; and in many districts marine deposition went on continuously or almost continuously (with local breaks only) throughout the Tertiary era. Unconformities, some of them strongly angular, and also such disconformities as have been discovered, are for the most part of limited lateral extent, indicating only local emergence and erosion.... Though it is unlikely that a complete section exists at any one place (in the area that is now above the sea), it was long ago suspected that when evidence from many scattered localities was pieced together a record would be available of beds of every age from early Upper Cretaceous to Pliocene. With the help of micro-palaeontology this goal is in sight; and it now seems even that the record continues through Pleistocene into Recent time."
Charles A. Cotton (1955)

D. Pen sketch by Sir Charles Cotton (1954), which summarizes the Cretaceo-Cenozoic (Notocene; Kaikoura Synthem) stratigraphy of the New Zealand microcontinent. The postrift sediment apron, shown here in a faulted inlier, comprises a Late Cretaceous–late Eocene marine transgressive sequence that passes from terrigenous inshore facies to offshore biopelagic radiolarian and nannoplankton oozes. By the early Oligocene, the New Zealand landmass was almost entirely submerged. Above the Amuri limestone, a thin succession of regressive terrigenous sediment dips into and is truncated against the Clarence Fault, the master structure along which the Inland Kaikoura Range was uplifted from the Early Miocene onward. 

Global Ocean Circulations
"Two prominent global-scale ocean circulations, namely the thermohaline ‘conveyor belt’ and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, are difficult to treat on an individual or partial basis.... These two circulations interact extensively with each other, via both mean and eddy flows; and the two are jointly affected by thermohaline and wind forcing. Thus many ocean regions and processes are significantly interdependent, and use of a global model is advisable."
A.J. Semtner and R.M. Chervin (1992)

E. Modeled flow field of the Australasian Southern Ocean part of the global ocean,⁵ depicted as a time-averaged vector plot over 5 yr for a water depth range of 3300–5000 m and using a seasonal forcing simulation at 0.5° resolution. An arrow of length 2° in latitude or longitude represents a transport of 5000 m cm/s. Black = Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic continents, white = seafloor shallower than 3300 m. The model resolves well the strong flows of the Antarctic Circumpolar and Deep Western Boundary currents, apart from an underestimate of the amount of westward flow which occurs adjacent to the Hikurangi Plateau, northen edge of the New Zealand microcontinent.